Friday, November 30, 2018

Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy

FTIR spectrophotometer is used to identify the functional groups present in organic and inorganic molecules based on the vibration modes at varying wave numbers of Infrared (IR).
Some advantages of FTIR spectroscopy have been mentioned as follows.

  • The quick and inexpensive spectroscopic method.
  • The simple technique for sample analysis.
  • Wavenumber accuracy is much higher than the dispersive instruments.
  • FTIR gives a high and constant resolution.
  • Real-time monitoring is possible.
  • Analysis of solid, liquid and gas with particular sample cells.
  • Required no preparation of samples.
  • Required least amount of sample for analysis.
  • Cover the whole range of IR.
  • Detect low concentration.
  • Give the superior signal to noise ratio than the dispersive instrument.
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What is FTIR Spectroscopy
Application of IR Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Applications of FTIR spectroscopy
Advantage and disadvantage of IR spectroscopy
Advantages and disadvantages of FTIR spectroscopy
Applications of Emission Spectroscopy
Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Visible Spectroscopy
Advantages of Gas Chromatography
Advantages of HPLC
What are the advantages of HPLC over TLC
Advantages of Gas Chromatography
Advantages of isocratic elution
Advantages of TLC over Paper Chromatography 
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Wednesday, November 28, 2018

What is Healthy Food

Eating healthy is significant for each one. A healthy diet is important to keep your body operating smoothly and being fit. It prevents you from some health issues. There are so many benefits of eating healthy food. Because of its controls and prevents your health issues and improves your immunity power. You just need to start a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrients, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. If you eat unhealthy and more than require and not exercise can because of obesity, you require a healthy selection of food to avoid obesity. Try to keep away from a refined grain, a large amount of starch, junk food, and fast food, for example, Burger, Cheesecake, Hot dog, Soft drinks, Noodles, Fatty meats, Cheese, Coffee drinks, Packaged chips, street food, Pasta, Pizza, Ice cream, etc. Eating healthy food will give important nutrients and that needs to function and create new cells in your body. 
A healthy diet plays a key role in a fit, long and happy life. Approximate 2320 Kcal for men and 1900 Kcal for women requires per day. Normally, your day starts followed by a light breakfast and hurried lunch and end up with the heaviest dinner, as dinner must be lightest. You have to three most significant meals. Your breakfast must be the heaviest meal. But as with our busy scheduled day, we are managing this with a glass of milk with a toast now it’s Time to change our lifestyle. Your body requires breakfast because of your day start with hungry, your blood glucose level not restored in the normal levels and your energy is low so here healthy breakfast is a must. in your breakfast is must have bananas carbohydrates like fructose and glucose are originated in vegetables, fruits, and honey, sucrose in sugar and lactose in milk, root vegetables, cereals, pulses and glycogen that maintain you fuelled up to lunch. In Your Lunch takes whole grains, high fever and some good source of proteins. Include yogurt or buttermilk and fiber as of fresh salads to complete your food. In your Dinner takes a high satiety value food that helps to keep you full for longer and restrain up to midnight. Also, take some greens that give vitamins and minerals. Mix with some fats like seed oils, nuts, and fish.


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How to Stop Eating Junk Food

The junk food addiction problem is not only in the youth but also in people of all ages and children. Many people's diets have become a way of life on the basis of junk food. Although they are aware of their health risks, they have failed to change their lifestyle even though. Generally, fat, sugar, and some other elements in junk food are the reason for making us addicted.  Through fast food, we consume more quantity of fats and sugar, so dopamine is released from our body, dopamine is a chemical which makes us feel good. Consequently, we become addicted to it.
Here is mention some simple points to stop eating junk food.
Knowing the harmful effects on health
To stop junk food addiction, you have to believe that it is harmful to health and if you know your personal harmful effects, it will help you get rid of junk food.
Take food with you
If your routine is according to the office or workplace then you can take your breakfast and meal from home. If you are going out too, avoid eating junk food and take your breakfast and meal with the plan, in this way your stomach will be full and does not need to eat junk food.
Enjoy the meal
Enjoy your healthy diet that is made in the house which provides all the necessary supplements, like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals that require the body to stay healthy. You can taste homemade food like junk food using different spices.
Find the options
If you want to take soft drinks or ice cream you can get fruit juice. In this way, you can find an option for other foods.
Avoid greed
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Examples of Junk Food

Junk food is a food that is very tasty, low price, made quickly, give instant energy, available at anywhere and easy to handling or carry, so most of the people's can prefer to eat fast food, but it is considered unhealthy because it contains extra calories.
Some examples of junk food are as follows.

Burger
Cheese
Cheesecake
Coffee drinks
Cold and nut sandwich
Doughnuts
Egg and sausage sandwich
Fatty meats
Fish and chips
French fries
Fried chicken
Fried food
Fried foods
Hot dog
Ice cream
Lunch meats
Milkshakes
Popcorn
Noodles
Packaged chips
Pasta
Pizza
Pork products
Snacks
Soda
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Different Types of Junk Food

Junk foods contain high calorie, fat, it’s unhealthy and causes to increase in body weight and some digestive problems. So to stay healthy, eat healthy food and avoid fast food.
Here some kind of junk food has been mentioned, let's check it out.
Chips
Burgers
Snacks
Cold drinks
Chocolates
Fried Stuff
Ice Cream
Potato Chips
Pizza
Cakes
Donuts
Candies
Noodles
Cheese Stuff
Soft Drinks
Fried foods
etc. are some types of junk food.
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Good Effects of Junk Food

Junk food can also provide healthy food, sometimes it can really be good for the health, but you know about the quantity and quality of food items and you should not be a habit to eating junk food regularly. To replace some low fiber and high-fat menu options, take some wheat buns low-fat yogurt, fruit cups, and fresh salads.
To know more about fast food, here are mentioning some good effects of junk food.
  • Junk food has a good amount of calories. 
  • It can give instant energy.
  • Good for people with low weight. 
  • Some fast foods also provide nutritional value. 
  • Fruit juice is healthy, since; it provides various vitamins and minerals which are essential for the body. 
  • Dairy products and Ice cream give energy since it also has nutritional value. 
  • Eating dark chocolate can be good for a healthy heart. 
  • Some alcoholic beverages have a high amount of antioxidant if that is taken in the right amount, then it helps to keep the body healthy. 
  • Some healthy food examples of junk food are whole wheat, low carb, and vegetable oil.
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Health Risks of Junk Food

Junk food looks very tasty and attractive, so it is preferred by people of all ages, but it is never considered good for health. Junk food is very harmful to health and eating it regularly causes many diseases.
Some of the health risks of junk food are:
  • Junk food gives extra calories to the body, it increases body weight. 
  • Eating junk food increases the levels of blood pressure. 
  • It can cause digestive problems. 
  • It can cause diabetes. 
  • Eating junk food increases the levels of blood sugar. 
  • Eating fast food increases the levels of cholesterol. 
  • It can affect the heart and liver functioning. 
  • Fatigue and weakness caused by junk food. 
  • Eating excessive junk food is a cause of dental problems. 
  • It causes depression and affects the functioning of the brain.
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Junk Food and Obesity

Junk food is a food which can be made simply and rapidly, but it is cause for obesity and harmful to obese person due to the high amount of calorie intake in junk food.
Some points have been mentioned on the causes of obesity due to junk food.
  • By eating fast food, the body gets extra calories, which causes obesity. 
  • Due to eating junk food, obesity has increased significantly for many people in the world. 
  • Junk foods have huge varieties and available easily, therefore people like to eat junk food due to which leads to obesity. 
  • Burger, pizza, noodles, chips, snacks, chocolate, fried foods, cakes, cold drinks, and ice-cream, etc. are some examples of junk food that can cause calories to increase. 
  • It is not easy to digest junk food and store excess fat always in the body. 
  • By consuming more fast food, calories can increase significantly. 
  • Diabetes, Hypertension, Heart Failure, Heart Attack, Cancer, etc. are the health complications of obesity. 
  • It’s having an effect on the brain's functions, which controls how much we eat. 
  • Junk food can fill your stomach but it can cause obesity and some health issues for the body, so avoid eating junk food to stay fit and healthy.

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What is junk food give examples

Junk foods are the food which is processed with the highest calorie intake, in this type of diet, the nutrient amount is very low and fat, sugar, and salt are extremely high. Fast food contains high amounts of calories, vitamins, minerals, and proteins. According to the requirement, vitamins and minerals are right for the body, but an excess amount can be harmful, in simple words the junk food is more harmful and useful to the human body.
The eating of junk food is no harm to health unless there is a lack of balanced food in the diet. If you rely entirely on junk food, then it can cause health problems. Still, junk food is more attractive for everyone, since it becomes tasty, time-saving, cheaper, available anywhere, anytime, and it can easy to carry.
Some examples of junk food are Ice-cream, cold drinks, snacks, chocolate, burgers, noodles, pizza, cakes, chips, fried foods, etc.
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Tuesday, November 27, 2018

Applications of Polarimetry

Rotation of polarized light estimates by the Polarimetry as it goes through an optical active solution. The calculated rotation can be applied to estimate the concentration of the solution.
Qualitative Analysis:
Under a particular set of conditions, optical rotation of compound offers a basic physical constant this is helpful for the purpose of identification such as refractive index, boiling point, and melting point. Polarimetry is an important tool for identifying compounds which are naturally occurring, such as alkaloids, steroids, carbohydrate, and amino acids.
Structural Determination:
In this application, the change in the optical rotation coming about of a substance chemical transformation is estimated. Experiential correlation gets from the study of known structures are then employed to assume information regarding the unknown compound.
Quantitative Analysis:
For quantitative analysis of optically active compounds, Polarimetric measurements are easily optimized. The experiential calibration curve is applied to connect optical rotation to the concentration of an analyte. The sugar industry uses optical rotation for the quantitative analysis of sucrose.


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Definition of Polarimetry
Applications of Fluorometry
Applications of Flame Photometer
The Basic Principle of UV Spectroscopy
Applications of UV Visible Spectroscopy
Applications of Emission Spectroscopy
Applications of Karl Fischer Titration
Application of Buffer Solution in Pharmacy
Applications of Conductometry
Applications of Dissolution Testing in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Applications of Flame Photometer
Applications of Fluorometry
Applications of Karl Fischer Titration
Applications of Nanotechnology
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Definition of Polarimetry

Polarimetry is a non-destructive, sensitive technique for the determine optical activity performed by organic and inorganic compounds. If the linearly polarized light rotates while passing, then a compound is considered to be optically active. The amount of optical rotation is calculated by the concentration of chiral molecules and the molecular structure of the substance. Polarimetry can be defined as the study of the rotation of polarized light by transparent substances.  The direction and range of rotation are helpful for the quantitative and qualitative analysis and is also useful for chemical structure elucidation. Optical activity is ability determinations of some substances to polarize light rotate.
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Applications of Fluorometry

Fluorometry is a way of analyzing and identification of analytes depends on light-absorbing and then emitted from the sample. Fluorometry methods basically applied to low concentration categories and therefore have sensitive analytical techniques compared to spectrophotometric determination. The fundamental diversity in sensitivity among two methods is generated by the fact that parameters related to concentration for the Fluorometry can be determined separately from the power source. Fluorometric methods usually have sensitivities, which are two to four orders of magnitude and compared better than spectrophotometric procedures. There are two types of inorganic fluorometric analysis. Direct methods include the formation of fluorescent chelate and its measure of emission. The second group depends on the reduction of fluorescence coming about because of the quenching action of the determined substance and this technique has widely used for the anion analysis.
  • Fluorometry used in pharmaceutical analysis
  • Fluorometry used in environmental applications
  • Fluorometry used in clinical applications
  • Fluorometry used in vitamin analysis
  • Fluorometry used in quantitative analysis
  • Fluorometry used in qualitative analysis
  • Fluorometry used in chemistry
  • Fluorometry used in life science
  • Fluorometry used in biomedical

  
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Flame Photometer

The flame photometer is an instrument used to detect sodium, calcium, potassium, and lithium ions; it depends on the intensity of emitted light.
The advantages of flame photometer:
  • This is a rapid, suitable, selective and responsive analysis. 
  • It’s a simple and economical method of analysis. 
  • Used in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of metal ions.
  • The elements that are rarely analyzed in this method can be determined.
  • Very low concentrations of metal ions can also be determined from the sample.
The disadvantages of flame photometer:
Despite several advantages, there are some disadvantages to this analysis technique, let’s check it.
  • The only liquid sample can be analyzed through this technique.
  • In some cases, sample preparation is longer.
  • This method does not give information regarding the molecular structure of the metal ion, which is present in the sample.
  • Each and every metal atom cannot determine by flame photometry.
  • The concentration of the metal ion cannot be accurately measured by this technique.
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Working Principle of Flame Photometer

The flame photometer principle of operation is straightforward. Under analysis, the fluid is sprayed with a non-shiny flame in the form of fine mist, which becomes colored as per to the characteristic emissions of the elements, for example, Sodium (Na) 589 nm, Potassium (K) 768 nm, Calcium (Ca) 622 nm, and Lithium (Li) 671 nm. 

A photodetector that sees the flame through a particularly narrow-band optical filter which passes only the wavelength centered on the characteristic emission of the elected element observes the flame. The photo detector's output is fed to electronic modules, which offer digital readings of the concentration of the preferred element. 

The system is required to be standardized with the known concentrations of the solution for elements of interest, prior to analyzing the unknown fluid sample. In a measurement setup, with the help of a compressor, compressed air is provided to an atomizer, because of a draught of air at the tip of an atomizer, in the mixing chamber sample solution is sucked and entering into the mixing chamber. On a controlled pressure, liquid petroleum gas (LPG) is also used in the mixing chamber, Here the atomized sample and gas is travel to the burner and is ignited.

The light from the flame is emitted and is composed by the optical lenses and sent through a selected filter to the detector of the flame photometer. The output of the detector processed electronically and the results of the sample solution are displayed properly.


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Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Visible Spectroscopy

UV Spectroscopy is widely and basic used technique of analysis and used for the quantitative and qualitative study of analytes. UV is a fast medium of analysis and can give high accuracy, precision and it works on Beers- Lambert law. It is useful for various types of chemicals and components. Sample component absorbs the electromagnetic radiations of the ultraviolet and visible range and UV Visible spectroscopy measures these responses. Atoms and Molecules contain electronic transitions, whereas most solid substances contain inter bond transitions in the range of UV and visible.
Advantages of UV Visible Spectroscopy: 
  • The core advantage is the accuracy of the UV-VIS spectrophotometer 
  • The UV-VIS spectrometer is easy to handling and use 
  • Provide robust operation 
  • UV-VIS spectroscopy is simple to operate 
  • Cost effective instrument 
  • Cover the entire of ultraviolet and visible 
  • It can be utilized in the qualitative and quantitative analysis 
  • The Derivative graph can be obtained by UV-VIS spectrophotometer 
  • It can be used in the degradation study of drug 
  • Only possible for the analytes which have a chromophore 
Disadvantages of UV Visible Spectroscopy: 
  • Only those molecules are analyzed which have chromophores 
  • The results of the absorption can be affected by pH, temperature, contaminants, and impurities. 
  • Only liquid samples are possible to analyze 
  • It takes time to get ready to use it 
  • Cuvette handling can affect the reading of the sample
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Applications of UV Visible Spectroscopy in Pharmacy

UV-VIS is the very important and basic tool in the analytical chemistry and it works on the Beer-lambert law. The higher the number of molecules it can absorb the light, which states that the light can expand and flow to expand more intensity. The measures and work of UV spectrophotometer work collectively and would be together studied.
Some applications of UV Visible spectroscopy in pharmacy are listed below.
  • Used as a detector for HPLC.
  • UV spectroscopy is outstanding amongst other techniques for impurities determination.
  • UV Visible Spectroscopy is used to Quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals.
  • It can be used to detect the chromophore in an analyte.
  • Reaction rates can be determined using UV spectroscopy.
  • The purity of a substance can be determined by the UV Visible Spectroscopy.
  • UV Visible Spectroscopy is used for determination of dissociation constants of acids and bases.
  • UV Visible Spectroscopy is used to detect the functional group. 
  • UV spectroscopy can be used for the identification of unknown compounds.

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