Tuesday, April 2, 2019

What are the Applications of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of functional structures intended atom or molecular scales with at least one attribute dimension are deliberate in nanometers. Their size permits them to show the novel and due to their size chemical, physical and biological properties, processes and phenomena have improved significantly. While specific structural characteristic is amongst the isolated atoms and bulk content between the ranges of 1 to 100 nanometers, the substance frequently shows the physical characteristics significantly different from those shown by bulk materials or atoms. The applications of nanotechnology in various industries such as batteries, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and food industries, check out some of them.
  • Nanotechnology can be used in electronics sectors to compact the size of the devices and also to enhance their performance.
  • In the food industry, nanotechnology can be used for the delivery of food items, increase the taste, prevent bacterial growth, increase the shelf life of the product and enhance the safety of food.
  • Nanotechnology can be used in the pharmaceutical sector in the form of nanoparticles, which can give medicines appropriate to diseased cells in the body.
  • Nanotechnology can use in the petroleum industry to reduce the price of the catalyst used in the fuel cells and also used to increase the mileage of engines.
  • Nanotechnology can be used in the sector of solar for conversion of energy.
  • It can be used in textile industries to improve the thickness, weight, hardness, and color of the fabric properties.
  • Nanotechnology may enhance the performance of catalysts used to convert vapor fleeing cars or industries, into nontoxic gases.


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Applications of Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the utilization of extremely little bits of material, at measurements between roughly 1 and 100 nanometers, their manipulation to make new huge scale materials. In common terms, it is science, engineering, and technology held on a nanotechnology nano-scale. Nanotechnology prefix draws its name from "Nano". One nanometer is one billion parts of one meter - the distance of two to twenty atoms is next to each other.
Applications of nanotechnology in medicine:
Researchers are developing nanoparticles in the form of molecules which can give medicines directly to diseased cells in the body. When this is ideal, then this method ought to reduce damage treatment like chemotherapy, so it can also be used in the pharmaceutical field.
Applications of nanotechnology in food:
Nanotechnology is affecting many aspects of food technology, from how it is grown and how the food is packaged, food manufacturers are developing nonmaterial’s it will not only make the difference in the taste of food but also improve food safety.
Applications of nanotechnology in solar cells:
Companies developed nanotech solar cells, which can be manufactured at a much lower price than traditional solar cells, which can be used for solar energy.
Applications of nanotechnology in electronics:
Nanotechnology is being used in electronics to enhance the ability of electronic equipment and decrease their weight and consumption of power.
Applications of nanotechnology in batteries:
Using nonmaterial’s manufacturers are currently developing batteries to be recharged quicker than conventional batteries and to increase the shelf life.
Applications of nanotechnology in fuel cells:
Nanotechnology is used to decrease the rate of catalysts used in fuel cells to generate hydrogen ions in the form of fuel from methanol and to separate hydrogen ions.


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What is Nanotechnology
What are the Applications of Nanotechnology
General Applications of Nanotechnology
Pharmaceutical applications of nanotechnology
Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
Advantages of Nanotechnology
Applications of Conductometry
Applications of Dissolution Testing in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Applications of Flame Photometer
Applications of Fluorometry
Applications of Karl Fischer Titration
Applications of UV Visible Spectroscopy
Applications of Emission Spectroscopy
Applications of Karl Fischer Titration
Application of Buffer Solution in Pharmacy
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What is Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the study and manipulation of materials in an extremely small size, usually between 1-100 nm. Nanotechnology is the analysis of occurrence and tweaking of materials on the scale of atomic, molecular and macromolecular where properties contrast essentially from those at a bigger scale. Nanotechnology is an area of research and innovation related to 'things' usually, equipment and materials in the range of atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology contains much more comprehensive material, manufacturing processes, and technologies that are employed to make and improve several products used every day. It can be complex to understand that nanotechnology is not so surprising. It is used in different types of industries and products.
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Monday, April 1, 2019

What are the Applications of pH Meter

The acidity or alkalinity of a solution can measure by the pH. The pH value indicates the relative amount of hydrogen ions present in a sample solution. The higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, the more acidic solution and the pH will be less. In this regard, pH is described as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen activity. A standard pH meter contains pH electrode, Temperature compensation, and pH controller.

The pH measurement is used in various types of applications such as industrial pH testing, pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, agriculture, wastewater treatment, and in research and development. To ensure the quality of the products, the manufacturing pH testing, observing the pH of water, wastewater, liquid formulations, and raw materials. 

The pH meter can also be utilized to determine pH in the water bodies itself so that any environmental change can be measured.
Here are some examples of pH meter applications.
  • The basic use of the pH meter is to decide whether any liquid sample is acidic or neutral, or neutral
  • It is used mostly in the pharmaceutical, food, beverage, and chemical industries.
  • The acidity or basicity of a substance is usually calculated by pH meter.
  • It is used for the production department to ensure the quality of the product.
  • It is a commonly used instrument in many areas of development and research.
  • The pH is very important for testing the quality in the agricultural sector, such as water, soil, and pesticides.
The applications of pH meter consist of Pharmaceuticals, Soil samples, Non-aqueous samples, Solvents and alcohol, Biological samples, Water and Wastewater, Boiler feed-water, Distilled water, Semisolid samples, Emulsions and oils, Paints and inks, Drinking water, Solutions with heavy metals, and Viscous samples, etc.


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Types of HPLC columns

To classify liquid chromatography, there are several ways. If this classification relies upon nature of the separation process and the stationary phase, then it can be adsorption chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, and size exclusion chromatography. In relation to the first type, two modes are defined relies on polarity to two phases, i.e. normal phase and reverse-phase chromatography, as mentioned types about 90% cover of all chromatography applications and for the separation of components the column are used. Columns are usually made of SS, around 50 and 300mm in length and within 2 and 5 mm, they are typically packed with a stationary phase of 3 to 10 µm size. Columns of the internal distance of less than 2 mm are acceptable regularly in the form of microbore HPLC columns.
Types of packed gels:
Silica gel:
Silica gel is the most popular packing material used. Silica gels are available in two types it is a spherical and irregular shape, Spherically shaped gels are most commonly used. There is a pore on the surface of the silica gel used in liquid chromatography. By contains the pores, it gives a bigger surface area than without holes. The most silica columns nowadays have spherical types and small size particles have been developed. The 5μm is a most commonly used size, but small size 1.5 to 3μm gel is also used in the HPLC column. Small gels are packed in small column housing and therefore retention time is reduced.
Polymer gel:
Silica gels were always used in the earlier stage of HPLC development. But, the polymer-based column is getting well-liked. Polyethylene and polypropylene are generally known polymers. Like silica gel, polymer gel columns are available in very small particles. Polystylene, Polymethacrylate, polyhydroxymethacrylate, Polyvinyl alcohol are types of polymers.
Other gel:
In addition to silica and polymer gels, the gels used are natural substances like Cellulose, chitosan agroceae, and dextrin and ceramics for example zirconia and hydroxyptite are used in liquid chromatography for the separation of analytes but is have very limited use.
There are several types of columns used in the separation of components with the help of the mobile phase, which is based on the separation mode used in liquid chromatography. Here some types of separation modes are mentioned.
Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), Normal-phase chromatography (NPC), Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), ion exchange chromatography (IEC), ligand exchange chromatography (LEC), ion exclusion chromatography (IEC), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Gel Filtration Chromatography (GFC), Affinity chromatography, Chiral chromatography.
 
 
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What are the Applications of Conductometric Titrations

Conductometric titration is performed to determine the electrical conductivity of the sample. This method finds the amount of a sample by adding a measured increment of titrant until reaching the endpoint. The titration is observed by calculating the solution conductance. To measure the progress of chemical reactions Conductometric Titrations are used in analytical chemistry.
Here are some applications of conductometric titrations mentioned.
  • The determination of water purity can be done by conductometry.
  • Determination of the salinity of seawater using conductometry.
  • It can be used to determine the chemical equilibrium in ionic reactions.
  • Conductometry titration can be used in the quantitative analysis of compounds.
  • The alkalinity of freshwater can be checked by this method.
  • Used to detect microorganisms in food industries.
  • Conductometry titration used to determine the basicity of organic acids.
  • The deuterium ion concentration in the water can be determined by the conductometry.
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What are the Applications of Flame Photometry

Flame photometry is a branch of atomic spectroscopy and it is a kind of emission spectroscopy broadly used to determine the concentration of some metal ions such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), lithium (Li), cesium (Cs) and biological fluids, etc. in the inorganic chemical analysis. The metal ions used in the spectrum in the photometry are in the form of atoms. The flame photometer can be useful for qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The radiation emitted by the photometer is characteristic of the individual metal. Therefore, with the use of a flame photometer, we can identify the particular element present in the sample solution.
Applications of flame photometry in the environmental analysis:
The environmental applications of flame photometry include determination of alkali and alkaline earth elements by conducting the flame test, analysis of water, monitoring of soil qualities, control of potassium, sodium, and magnesium of wastewater, control of fertilizer residues in the soil, etc.
Applications of flame photometer in the pharmaceutical industry:
Flame photometry used for the determination of sodium and potassium ion concentration in pharmaceutical reagents such as the infusion solutions, for example, sodium chloride solution (NaCl), and ringer solution. It is also used for the determination of metal ions in some pharmaceuticals.
Applications of flame photometer in the cement industry:
It is useful in construction and cement industries for the review of potassium, sodium, and calcium content.
Applications of flame photometry in the food industry:
The quality and limits of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) can be monitored and controlled with a flame photometer in the food industries.
Applications of flame photometer in the beverage industry:
It is essential to determine the concentrations of various metals and elements in different liquids, such as soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, vegetable juices, and fruit juices hence it is used in the beverage industry.
Applications of flame photometry in the biological fluid:
The concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions are extremely significant for the operation of various metabolic processes in the human body, which they can determine in the flame by blood serum samples.
Applications of flame photometer in the chemical industry:
It is extremely useful in different manufacturing as well as in chemical industries to monitor and concentration determinations of potassium and sodium in final products.


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What are the Applications of HPTLC

HPTLC is an automated, potent analytical technique with high separation power and reproducible than the classic TLC. High-performance thin-layer chromatography facilitates very responsive scanning technology for faster chromatogram assessment and documentation. HPTLC is used to separate the analytes or components, depending on their polarity they are separated with the mobile phase. It used to evaluate the efficiency and purity of many pharmaceuticals as well as dosage forms.
Here are some applications of HPTLC mentioned.
  • High- performance thin layer chromatography is used to qualitative and quantitative study of components.
  • TLC can only separate elements, but by using this method, you can estimate the concentration.
  • HPTLC is helpful in forensic to identify chemicals, including adulteration, poisoning, illegal drugs, and abuse drugs.
  • HPTLC is used to control the purity of steroids, insecticides, chemicals, and water analysis.
  • HPTLC is used for detection and analysis of components of organic chemicals, medicinal chemistry, and Phytochemistry.
  • HPTLC is broadly used in food industries for the analysis of vitamins, drinks and beverage, pesticides in vegetables and fruits and other foodstuffs.
  • It is used for stability testing of components and products.
  • Compounds available in a complex structure or very small quantities can be analyzed by HPTLC.
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Friday, March 29, 2019

Advantages and Disadvantages of HPLC

High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the most popular and widely accepted separation techniques of chromatography, in which the mobile phase containing a sample of complex mixture pumped with a certain pressure through the column, which already filled with the adsorbent material, analytes interact with the adsorbent according to their properties and detector detects the retention time, area, and height of the peak. Compared to other technologies, HPLC has both advantages and disadvantages, let’s check it.
The advantage of HPLC:
  • HPLC offers a rapid, automated and highly precise method to recognize certain chemical components in a sample.
  • High-performance liquid chromatography offers a fast and precise quantitative analysis.
  • A gradient solvent system can be applied in certain methods.
  • It is highly reproducible.
  • HPLC can be upgraded to mass spectroscopy (MS).
  • The HPLC is very rapid, efficient, and delivers high resolution as compared to other chromatographic techniques, such as TLC, column chromatography, and paper chromatography.
  • Manages all areas of analysis to increase productivity
The disadvantage of HPLC:
  • HPLC can be an expensive method, it required a large number of expensive organics, needs a power supply, and regular maintenance is required.
  • It can be complicated to troubleshoot problems or develop new methods.
  • The lack of a universal detector for HPLC, however, the UV-Vis detector only detects chromophoric compounds.
  • The separation in High-performance liquid chromatography has less efficiency than GC.
  • It is more difficult for the beginner.
  • HPLC pump process reliability relies on of cleanliness of the sample, mobile phase, and proper operation of the system.

 
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Resolution in Chromatography
Advantages and disadvantages of Chromatography
Advantage and the disadvantage of IR spectroscopy
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Advantages and disadvantages of FTIR spectroscopy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gas Chromatography
Advantages and Disadvantages of HPLC
Advantages and Disadvantages of Column Chromatography
Advantages and disadvantages of mass spectrometry
Advantages and disadvantages of paper chromatography
Advantages and disadvantages of ion-pair chromatography
Advantages and Disadvantages of Thin Layer Chromatography
Advantages and Disadvantages of UV Visible Spectroscopy
Advantages of FTIR Spectroscopy
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Tuesday, March 5, 2019

Applications of HPLC

HPLC is an analytical technique to separate, identify, and quantify components in a mixture. It is the single leading chromatography technique essential to most laboratories worldwide.
The use of HPLC can be done in both qualitative and quantitative applications, which are both for the identification and quantification of compounds. About all HPLC separation can be done in the reverse phase HPLC, Normal phase is not regularly used. The High-performance liquid chromatography can be applied in the pharmaceutical, drug science, molecular weight determination, environmental chemistry, in analytical chemistry forensic, food industries, and clinical tests.
Let’s check some applications of HPLC.
Pharmaceutical Applications of HPLC:
  • The tablet dissolution study of the pharmaceutical dosage form
  • To control the stability of the drug
  • The HPLC is used for drug quality control
  • The qualitative and quantitative study of analytes
  • It can be used to the mass determination by coupling it with mass spectroscopy (MS)

Applications of HPLC in Food and Flavour:
  • Analysis of preservatives
  • Analysis of sugar
  • Measuring soft drinks and water quality
  • Analysis of polycyclic
 Forensic Applications of HPLC:
  • It is used to determine the cocaine and other drugs of abuse
  • The quantity of drug in the biological samples
  • The HPLC is used for the identification of steroids in urine and blood
 Environmental Applications of HPLC:
  • The HPLC is used to finding phenolic compounds in drinking water
  • The HPLC is used for the identification and determination of compounds in drinking waters, air, waste, and the surface
  • It used for the determination of Bio-monitoring of pollutants.
Clinical Applications of HPLC:
  • Quantitative estimation hemoglobin
  • Analysis of urine
  • Analysis of antibiotics in blood
  • Analysis of Bilirubin
 
 
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Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a chromatographic technique in analytical chemistry used to separate a complex mixture of analytes, in order to identify and quantify of each component in the sample. For the identification and quantification of compounds, the HPLC technology is used. There are many applications, both in normal and reverse phase HPLC, RP-HPLC is not useful for the separation of polysaccharides, inorganic ions, and polynucleotides. Inorganic ions separated by ion exchange chromatography, whereas polysaccharides are hydrophilic in nature, so they are rapidly absorbed in the solid phase. Reverse phase HPLC can be used for the separation of different compounds such as amino acids, aromatic hydrocarbons, peptides, proteins, lipids, and sugars. High-performance liquid chromatography is also used in the medical, analysis of pharmaceuticals, forensic, food industries, clinical tests, environment, and Pharma manufacturing units.



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