Thursday, January 24, 2019

Difference between Dissociation and Ionization

Dissociation and Ionization are related words which have almost the same meaning of the state however are used on the different circumstance. Dissociation is the ion separation which is present in ionic compounds. Ionization is the reaction in which the compounds of polar covalent are converted into ions in water.
Ionization is the process in which new charged particles produce, it involves polar covalent metals or compounds and it always produces charged particles. Ionization is the irreversible process it involves covalent bonds between the atoms.
Dissociation is the process in which involves ionic compounds it is a reversible process and the Dissociation produces either electrically neutral particles or charged particles. Dissociation involves ionic bonds in compounds.
The most important dissimilarity between the dissociation and ionization is that the dissociation can or cannot produce electrically charged particles while the ionization always produces electrically charged particles.


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Difference between Dissolution and Dissociation

The major difference between dissolution and dissociation is that dissociation is a common method for the separation of ionic compounds into smaller ions, which is normally in a reversible manner whereas dissolving or dissolution is the process in which ionic crystals break down into ions in water.

Dissolution:
The term dissolution is used when ionic compounds dissolve in water, in which the ions that were previously present in the solid-state when added to water. e.g. NaCl.
Dissolution means, the way of solid dosage form toward forming or dissolving in a medium or solution. While dissolution occurs, then it dissociates the solute into molecules or ions, and every molecule or ion is bounded by the solvent molecules. The interaction amongst the particles of solute and molecules of solvent is called salvation.
The dissolution of the oral solid dosage form like a tablet, capsule, and caplets, etc. perform on the dissolution apparatus. It is available in different types such as USP dissolution apparatus, BP dissolution apparatus, and IP dissolution apparatus.
Dissociation:
The separation process of the solute ions, while it is added to the solvent, is known as dissociation. It occurs while the attraction amongst the ions of solute is far weak compared to molecules of the solvent and ions of the solute, in such case, the solvent encloses the ion of solute and drags them away from each other.
Organic compounds such as glucose and sugars, which are molecular compounds, dissolve in water and form H-bonds with water, causing their molecules to dissociate from each other, breaking their solid-state structure.

Commonly asked questions are as follows

What are the factors that affecting solubility?
The concentration of the solute, the temperature of the system, pressure of the system, and polarity of the solute are the factors that affect solubility.

What is a disintegration test?
Disintegration is a physical process in which small particles of a tablet or granulated particle are mechanically fragmented.

What is miscibility in chemistry?
Miscibility is the property of two substances to combine/mix in all proportions and form a homogeneous solution is known as miscibility.


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Thursday, December 20, 2018

Principles on the Effect of Additives

Electrolytes: 
The lyophobic colloid stability relies upon the electrical repulsion applied by the electrical charges on their surface. On the surface of colloidal, the trace amounts of adsorbed electrolytes might be responsible for the electrical charge so the stability increases. The ions valency has a charge inverse to that of the molecule seems to decide the efficiency of the electrolyte for the coagulating of colloids
Gelatin: 
Gelatin is a hydrophilic colloid. It is decidedly charged underneath 4.7 pH. It goes about as shielding for the hydrophobic colloids. Hence, hydrophobic colloids may be changed to hydrophilic and pass on the stability.
Aluminum chloride: 
It contributes positively charged aluminum chloride ions for adsorption on the particles of negatively charged. Thus, the negative zeta potential diminishes. At the point when the adequate amount is used.


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Stability of Colloids

As a uniform dispersion of particles is critical to the therapeutic and diagnostic efficiency and the security of pharmaceutical colloid administration, stability against the co-precipitation is an essential thought. The accumulation of a hydrophilic colloid to a hydrophobic makes the hydrophilic colloid adsorb on and totally enclose the particles of hydrophobic, which at that point go up against a portion of the properties of the hydrophilic colloid. 
Occasionally in the formulations of pharmaceutical buffer salts are added to keep up a required pH for the stability of the product. Sometimes these buffers can give potential instability by insoluble salts forming with the metallic ions. This issue may happen particularly with phosphate buffers as most of the heavy metal phosphates are insoluble. If that buffer of insoluble phosphate salt from a colloidal dispersion, it may co-precipitate the particles along with it. To avoid this occurring, chelating operators might be utilized that will especially complex the metal particles, and accordingly keep them from reacting with the phosphate. Then again, buffers of non-phosphate might be substituted for phosphate buffers, when attainable, to avoid the instability.


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Properties of Colloids

Colloidal dispersions show numerous properties; one of these is the scattering of a light beam directed by the dispersion of the colloid, it is called as the Tyndall effect and its extent is because of the number and size of particles present. At the point when seen under ambient light it seems translucent, overcast contingent upon the kind of colloid and the concentration of dispersion and degree of the particle. It is called as a Brownian movement because of the bombardment of colloidal particles of the medium of dispersion. If the particle size is less than the 5G it observed by the Brownian movement.
The presence of a charge on the particles of colloidal provides them electrical properties. At the point when exposed to an electrical potential, it can be compelled to move in the direction of the electrode of inverse charge. This is recognized as electrophoresis and can be utilized to separate a blend of colloidal substances, for example, proteins.


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Classification of colloids

The dispersed phase of the colloidal dispersion can be classified either as a lyophilic or lyophobic, If the water is used as a solvent then these classifications are called hydrophilic and hydrophobic correspondingly.
Hydrophilic Colloids
A hydrophilic colloid molecule has a similarity to water molecules and when it dispersed in the water it becomes hydrated. Hydrated colloids increase the system viscosity, thus improving the stability by decreasing the interaction amongst the particles and their settle tendency; they may also have a net surface electrical charge. The charge signal relies on the pH of the system and the chemical properties of the colloid.
Hydrophobic colloids
A hydrophobic colloid has slight or almost no proclivity for the water and creates no modify in system viscosity. The particles may take a charge, because of the adsorption of electrolyte ions as of the solution.


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What are Colloids

When two distinct substances are mixed up together thus they can mix intimately and produced two-component systems. While one component is uniformly distributed throughout the second component, the first component is known as the dispersed phase and the second is a continuous phase. It may be in the liquid, solid, or gas.
Often, a solid substance in the pharmacy dispersed in a liquid, generally in the water, and the product might have characteristics of a molecular dispersion. A colloidal dispersion based on the particle size of the dispersed solid. True solutions contain particle ions or small molecules in which the particle size is less than the 1 nm. Particle particles in colloidal dispersion are either large molecules of high molecular weight or are the sum of small molecules with 1 nm and 500 nm in size. In particle dispersion, the particle diameter is more than 500 nm. The colloids are classified as hydrophilic colloid and hydrophilic colloid.


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Pendant Drop Method of Surface Tension

In this measurement technique of surface tension, if due to the gravitational force action, small liquid droplets or gas bubbles are spherical, the larger droplets are deformed properly, because of the gravitational force action. The spherical surface area is comparable to its square radius and depends on the quantity of gravitational deformation, which is proportional to the third power radius. The Interfacial and surface tension can also be determined by pressure at high temperatures by this technique.

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Maximum Bubble Pressure Method

This method is also recognized as the bubble pressure method. This method of surface tension, the air-gas bubble is blown throughout a capillary at a continuous rate, which is deep in the test liquid. Its size is very circular shape the beginning, but decreasing its radius, this enhances the inside pressure and while the bubble size is hemisphere the pressure is maximized at this point the radius of the bubble is equal to the capillary radius.


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Du nouy ring method of surface tension

Du Noüy ring method is a conventional method for measuring the surface tension. Measuring the wet properties of the interface has some little effect on this technique.  Maxim pulling is mounted on the ring from the measured surface and a platinum ring is applied in its place of the plate which is submerged in the liquid, since, the ring is drawn from the liquid, the force necessary to separate the liquid from the surface is calculated precisely, this force is associated to the liquid surface tension. Platinum rings ought to be cleaned precisely without imperfections or scratches since they can influence the result accuracy.


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Wilhelmy Plate Method of Surface Tension

A thin plate is utilized to determine equilibrium interfacial and surface tension on the air-liquid or liquid-liquid interfaces. The vertically oriented plate is for the interface and the force is applied to measure the surface tension. This is a universal method which is mainly appropriated for surface tension testing at long intervals. A known perimeter is connected to vertical plate balance and because of wetting, the force is measured.


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Drop weight method of measuring surface tension

Stalagmometer has been the most frequently used methods for finding out the surface tension. Numerous drops of liquid emitted from the glass capillary of stalagmometer have weighed, if the weight of liquid is known about every drop, we are able to count the leak droplets to the determination of the surface tension. The drop at the tip of the glass capillary is placed in a vertical position and has been formed gradually on the tip, The pendant drop turns to begin separation while its weight goes to the magnitude balance. The Volume depends on the characteristics of the liquid.
This method is utilized for interfacial tension determination in the form of interface edge, a liquid of density is pumped to another liquid which has different density and the drops number of every liquid in the air and the interface is calculated. alternatively, drop weight is calculated.


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Determination of surface tension by capillary rise method

This is the most established method used to determine surface tension, in this method, the surface tension presence of the liquid/gas interface is taking fluid in a thin tube, generally a capillary made up of glass, and this occurrence was used to determine the surface tension of the liquid. For this cause, a thin round capillary is deep in the liquid which is already tested. If the liquid molecules have strong interaction among the capillary walls, the capillary end is deep in the solution. The height reaching the liquid in a capillary is associated with the surface tension.


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Surface tension by drop number method

In this method of surface tension, a liquid drop is permitted to form on the capillary lower end, in the surface tension upper forces of tension supported to the outer periphery of the tube. The drop mass is dragged it down, when the force is balanced the drop are brakes at the bottom of the working device there is a glass in which the capillary is called a stalagmometer. 

The drop breaks when forces are balanced.  Working equipment has a glass in the lower part with the capillary this called as a stalagmometer. Then the surface tension is detected by calculating the number of droplets for the specified liquid.



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Surface Tension Measurement Methods

Surface tension is the power or force that the particles or molecules are pushed together on the fluid surface and creates a layer. Due to the particle attraction in the surface layer by the liquid bulk, it is the tension of the liquid surface film which goes to decrease the surface area. The surface tension is assessing the consolidate energy which is present in an interface. The molecules of the fluid are attracting each other and the molecule interplay in the liquid bulk is balanced by the similar attractive force in every direction.
The Surface tension can be determined by the following techniques.
  • Drop Number Method
  • Capillary Rise Method
  • Drop Weight Method
  • Spinning Drop Method
  • Wilhelmy Plate Method
  • Du Noüy Ring Method
  • Bubble Pressure Method
  • Pendant Drop Method

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