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Advantages and disadvantages of extended release dosage forms

Thursday, July 9, 2020

Advantages and disadvantages of sustained release dosage form

Oral drug delivery has been known as the most commonly used route for the systemic delivery of drugs through various pharmaceutical products. The sustained release dosage forms are intended to release medicaments at a predetermined rate so that a constant concentration of medicaments can be maintained for a specific period. A sustained release dosage form is designed to achieve prolonged therapeutic effects of the drug in the bloodstream. It releases the medicine at a prescribed rate, according to the needs of the body throughout the treatment period.
Advantages of sustained release dosage forms:

The major advantage of the sustained release dosage form is that it provides long-term therapeutic effects by continuously releasing the drug.
It provides prolonged action of the medicaments and reduces the frequent dosing.
Control of drug therapy can be achieved by using a sustained release dosage form.
The extent and rate of drug absorption can be modified by using a sustained release dosage form.
Patient compliance is another major benefit of a sustained release dosage form.
It does not need special storage conditions and is easy to handle or transport.
The unpleasant odor and taste of active pharmaceutical ingredients may be masked by coating or by making granules.
These types of dosage forms are also stable in physical, chemical, and microbiological properties.
This system has the benefit of a single dose for the entire duration of treatment and delivers the API directly to the specific site.
It reduces the local side effects, by reducing the total amount of the drug.
Different drugs and excipients or ingredients can be mixed to make it convenient for the patient to reduce the administration of multiple doses.

Disadvantages of sustained release dosage forms:

The major disadvantage of the sustained release dosage form is that, in traditional solid dosage forms, the dose can be adjusted by dividing the tablet into two parts. This is not possible in a sustained release dosage form as the release property may be lost if the dosage form is broken or crushed.
Side effects can remain much longer as it releases the medication for longer.
Children and the elderly are hesitating to swallow and cannot be given to an unconscious patient.
This has less flexibility in dose adjustment.
The rate of release may change by various factors
This is expensive compared to other solid dosage forms because its formulation and manufacturing process is expensive.
The time required for the absorption of the released drug may vary from one dose to another.

Commonly asked questions on dosage forms are as follows.

What are the types of modified release dosage forms?

Extended-release dosage form and delayed-release dosage form are two types of modified release dosage forms. Controlled release, sustained-release, and prolonged-release are the different terminologies also used in the modified release. Generally, tablets, capsules, and, carpets are used for this formulation.

What is the major disadvantage of effervescent tablets?

The major disadvantage of effervescent tablets is that they use a complex, expensive manufacturing process and excipients.

What is the advantage of using modified release dosage forms?

The modified release dosage forms are designed to ensure that the concentration of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is maintained at suitable time intervals, deliver the medication to that part of the body, and simplifying the dosing schedule.

What is the disadvantage of the enteric coating?

The major disadvantage of enteric coating is that enteric-coated tablet taking a long coating time and high bulk resulting in a costly product.

What is the advantage of sublingual or buccal administration?

Sublingual or buccal administration of the drug provides rapid onset of action which is required for the treatment of acute disorders.

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Wednesday, July 8, 2020

Advantages and disadvantages of extended release dosage forms

The extended-release dosage form is designed to deliver medicaments to the body where it should be absorbed, simplifying the scheduled dosing and ensuring that the drug concentration is maintained at a suitable time interval. Extended-release dosages are a commonly used technique for delivering drugs into the bloodstream and are achieved by incorporating coated granules or beads into capsules or tablets. Sustained-release, controlled-release, and long-acting drug products are some examples of extended-release dosage forms. There are some advantages to providing drugs administered by this process, but it also has some disadvantages, let’s check it.
Advantages of extended-release dosage forms:

The major advantage of the extended-release dosage form is that it provides long action of the drug and reduces the frequency of dosing.
The extended-release dosage forms often reduce the requirement of night-time doses that are helpful to both caregiver and patient.
There is no need to take tablets and capsules repeatedly, which is very beneficial for children and old people.
It can be used to maintain drug levels by controlling the rate of drug release.
Extended-release dosage forms may improve patient compliance.
The rate and extent of absorption of medicaments can be modified.
There is no problem with the unpleasant taste and odor of the drugs as it is already coated with granules.
It reduces side effects, reduces the amount of time required for health treatment, and improves medical benefits.
They are easy to carry, transport, and don't require special storage conditions.
Formulation of extended-release can be possible in solid dosage forms but is very difficult to formulate in liquid and semi-solid dosage forms.
It delivers the medicaments at the prescribed rate as per the needs of the body throughout the treatment of the patient.

Disadvantages of extended-release dosage forms:

The major disadvantage of the extended-release dosage form is its high cost as it has a higher manufacturing cost than other dosage forms.
Another major disadvantage of extended-release dosage forms is that side effects can remain much longer than an immediate release, short-acting product.
Failure of the technique may result in the risk of the sudden and total release of the drug.
It is not useful whenever partial doses are needed because they need to be taken intact, not divide into parts.
Splitting or divided into parts can cause its release property to be lost.
The combination of multiple drugs and excipients or ingredients complicates it to formulate.
Extended-release formulations may cause a slower onset of action.
Not all drugs are compatible with the formulation of extended-release dosage forms.
The release rate can change by various factors such as food and fasting.
The release rate can vary from one dose to another dose.

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Tuesday, July 7, 2020

Advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms

Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
Advantages of semi-solid dosage forms:

The major advantage of a semi-solid dosage form is that it can be applied directly to the affected area, it gives prolong the action, and does not need to be administered orally.
It is convenient for unconscious patients or patients, such as children and old people, for whom oral administration is difficult.
Semisolid dosage forms are more stable in atmospheric conditions than liquid dosage forms and solid dosage forms.
It is suitable for those APIs that are low-density, amorphous hygroscopic.
Different drugs and excipients or ingredients can be added together to form a single dose.
It gives better adhesion and lasts long after application, hence the medicament give longer action.
It is washable after each use.
It is used externally, thereby reducing the risk of side effects.
It does not harm the gastrointestinal tract, as it does not need to be taken orally.
The semi-solid dosage form is more convenient for patients than other forms of drug administration.
It is suitable for medicines with a bitter taste, as it does not need to be taken orally.

Disadvantages of semi-solid dosage forms:

The major disadvantage of the semi-solid dosage form is that it has no dose accuracy and it needs to be applied directly.
In general, Pharmaceutical creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are greasy and they difficult to clean.
The semi-solid dosage form is less stable than the solid dosage form.
The base used in the dose may be oxidized.
The need to apply with the fingers every time can cause contamination.
Some patients may become irritation or allergic.
Semisolid dosage forms are usually a costly dosage because its manufacturing process is complex.
Semisolid dosage forms are Physio-chemically less stable compared with the solid dosage form.
Clothing staining is often associated with the use of creams, ointments, gels, and paste.

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Monday, July 6, 2020

Advantages and disadvantages of solid dosage form

Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.

Advantages of solid dosage form:

The major advantage of solid dosage forms is a high precision, lowest variability, stable and accurate dosing.
The formulation of solid dosage forms is simpler than liquid and semi-solid dosage forms.
Solid dosage forms have a strong onset of action.
Several medicines and excipients or ingredients can combine, making it easier for the patient to avoid having to administer multiple doses.
The liquid form of the drug can be converted into a solid form using a capsule.
Doses are available according to the patient's requirements.
These are easy for packaging, transport and it does not require special conditions for storage.
It is easy to swallow and can be attractive to children.
It is very simple to swallow with water.
It is useful whenever partial doses are required. It is easy to divide it into parts.
As it is easy and rapidly digested it does not harm the gastrointestinal tract.
Unpleasant taste and odor of drugs can be masked using the capsules and sugar coating for tablets.
It can be manufactured in custom sizes, shapes, and colors as per requirement.
It can protect the API from atmospheric conditions such as moisture, temperature, and light, etc.
Solid dosage forms are stable in chemical, physical, and microbiological properties.

Disadvantages of solid dosage form:

The main disadvantage of the solid dosage form is that it is not easy to swallow, particularly for children, and the elderly, and it cannot be given to the unconscious patient.
An API that has slow dissolution rates, low solubility in water, low density, amorphous and high absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, they are difficult to prepare.
Several medicines cause gastric irritation when administered in the form of a tablet.
Hygroscopic drugs are not suitable for these types of dosage forms.
Sometimes patients experience discomfort due to unpleasant taste and smell and avoid swallowing it.
Coating, encapsulation of tablets, and complex process of capsules may increase production costs in the pharmaceutical industry.
Some examples of solid dosage forms are as follows.
Chewable tablets, buccal tablets, film-coated, enteric-coated tablets, sublingual tablets, and effervescent tablets, hard-shelled capsules, soft gelatin capsules, enteric-coated capsule, HPMC capsule, pills pastilles, lozenges, troches, powders, suppositories, and pellets, etc.

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Sunday, July 5, 2020

Advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage form

Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
Advantages of liquid dosage form:

The major advantage of the liquid dosage method is that it is better for patients who have difficulty swallowing solid medicines because it is easier to swallow than solid dosage forms.
Liquid dosage forms have faster absorption than solid dosage forms.
It is suitable for use patients with infants, geriatric, and mental health problems.
Doses may vary from per tablespoon to milliliter, which is difficult in solid dosage forms.
Liquid dosage forms are absorbed faster than solid dosage forms because APIs are already dissolved.
This may provide greater flexibility in achieving the appropriate dose of the drug.
It can be designed for any route of administration.
It is the best choice for children and old people.
This can be attractive by container and color.
Flavors (sweetening agents/sugar) can be added to mask the bitter or unpleasant taste and odor.

Disadvantages of liquid dosage form:

The major disadvantage of the liquid dosage form is that, is less stable than other doses and has a shorter shelf life which is due to the nature of being in a liquid.
The liquid dosage form is more susceptible to bacterial microorganisms than tablets and capsules.
Some drugs are poorly soluble hence difficult to formulate.
It is bulky so it is difficult to handle, transport and store.
It requires special storage conditions because it is less stable.
Its manufacturing process is complex, so the production cost is high.
It is easily affected by temperature, light, and microorganisms.
Each time of dose needs to be measured, so the accuracy of the dose may vary each time.
A loss can occur as the container breaks and falls.
Difficult to mask the unpleasant taste or odor compared to tablets and capsules.

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