Chromatography is a
science to separate a mixture of components. To perform this, the sample passes
through phases, these phases are known as the mobile phase (Liquid/Gas) and
stationary phase (Solid). In this technique, the stationary phase remains
constant, whereas the mobile phase flows through the system. Initially, a
sample mixture is dissolved either in a mobile phase or suitable liquid (e.g.
Methanol, Acetonitrile, and Water) that travels it in a stationary phase
through a structure.
Chromatography depends
on the principle where the molecules in the sample mixture are introduced into
the solid, and while moving with the help of the mobile phase, the analytes are
separated. In this separation process, efficient factor contains molecular
characteristics associated with liquid-solid (partition), liquid-solid
(adsorption), and affinity of the molecules. As of these dissimilarities, some
analytes last longer in the stationary phase, and they are traveling gradually
in the system, Whereas other molecules travel quickly and leave the
chromatography system earlier.
In view of this
approach, there are three components based on chromatography technology.
Mobile
phase: The mobile phase is composed of liquid or gaseous
components.
Stationary
phase: This phase is made of a solid phase or, on the solid support
surface, the liquid layer is adsorbed.
Molecules: Molecules to be separated, which is in the mixture sample.
Here
are some types of chromatography and stationary phases which used in
chromatography is mentioned.
- Column chromatography: Silica gel, and alumina.
- Paper chromatography: A special piece of filter paper or cellulose paper.
- Thin-layer chromatography (TLC): Alumina, silica gel, or similar material is coated on metal, plastic film or a glass plate, as a thin layer.
- Gas chromatography (GC): A microscopic layer of polymer on an inert solid support, inside the portion of metal or glass tubing.
- High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): Silica filled in the column.
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