Chromatography is a technique applicable to a wide variety of separation methods based on a solute distribution or partitioning between a mobile phase system (liquid or gas) and stationary phase (solid or liquid). The relative interaction of a molecule with the stationary phase and mobile phase is illustrated by the partition coefficient (k) which is the ratio of the molecule concentration in the stationary phase, to the concentration of the molecule in the mobile phase. The field of chromatography may be subdivided as per the specific methods used or the physicochemical principles used in the process of separation. The chromatographic processes developed using various combinations of the mobile phases and stationary phases. As different as the nature of interactions amongst the analytes and stationary or mobile phases, these processes can separate different types of solutes. The sample of different compounds is separated through the techniques at dissimilar rates. Such a difference in migration rates provides a separation as the mixture passes on the adsorptive materials. When there is more adsorption in the stationary phase, the component will gradually move and when there is less adsorption in the stationary phase, the component will move rapidly. Consequently, the disparity between the described factors determines the differential rates at which different components can travel through a stationary phase. The adsorption and solubility of an analyte can be changes by choosing the appropriate mobile phase and stationary phase.
All the techniques of chromatographic separations work according to the same basic principle. Each analyte of sample mixture interacts with other stationary phases in an attribute manner; hence they separate at different retention times. Since each analyte has a different affinity to the stationary phase and mobile phase, the analytes that have more interaction they will stay longer in contact with the stationary phase and thus will slowly elute. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), paper chromatography, and gas chromatography (GC) are the widely used techniques in chemistry.
Commonly asked questions on chromatography are as follows.
What is the definition of chromatography?
It is known as the technique of separating the individual mixture components based on their relative affinity to stationary and mobile phases. There are several types of chromatography; each has some kinds of mobile phase and stationary phase although the basic principle is always identical.
What are the 4 types of chromatography?
The partition chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, molecular exclusion chromatography, and affinity chromatography are the major types of chromatography based on the mechanism of separation.
What are the 4 applications of chromatography?
Pharmaceutical applications, environmental applications, forensic applications, clinical diagnosis of diseases and disorder, petrochemical, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, quantitative & qualitative analysis are the major applications of chromatography.
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