A titration is a method used in chemistry to determine the concentration of a reactant in a solution that is unknown. In the process, a known solution is added to an unknown solution until a reaction occurs. Typically, this reaction involves a color change.
A titration will produce very accurate results for different types of titrations, such as acid-base, redox complexation, and precipitation reactions when it is performed correctly and carefully.
What is titration in chemistry?
A titration is defined as “ it is a process of determining the concentration of a sample (analyte) by adding known increments of substance (titrant) with which it reacts until precise chemical equivalence is achieved (the equivalence point)”.
Titration is an analytical method that allows us to determine the concentration of an unknown analyte by adding a titrant solution with a known concentration. The analyte and titrant react according to a known stoichiometric relationship, such that the reaction will consume all analytes at some point during the addition of the titrant.
Therefore, the volume and molar stoichiometry of the titrant were added to allow the determination of the unknown concentration. There are a variety of indicators that can be used to determine the endpoint of the titration. The selection of the indicator is dependent on the indicator's acid strength.
Preparation of 0.1n sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its standardization with standard hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution is one example of acid-base titration.
Procedure of titration:
In the titration process, a titrant is prepared, which is a standard solution whose volume and concentration are predetermined. Then, the titrant is mixed with the analyte until a certain endpoint or equivalence point is reached.
At this stage, the amount of titrant consumed can be used to calculate the concentration of the analyte. Alternatively, titration is a concept of stoichiometry used to determine the concentration of a solution whose value is unknown.
In terms of steps of the procedure, the accurate quantity of analyte is taken in the conical flask. A few drops of the indicator are then placed underneath the calibrated burette that holds the titrant. The titrant is added dropwise into the analyte and the indicator in small volumes.
This will continue until the indicator reacts to the titrant saturation threshold and changes color. At this point, this would indicate that comes to the endpoint of the titration. In this situation, the quantity of titrant balances the amount of analyte present throughout the reaction.
Steps involved in titration:
- Before beginning, gather all the required apparatus such as conical flask, burette, burette, stand, pipette, beaker, volumetric flask, funnel, etc.
- Glassware should all be washed, rinsed, and properly dried according to standard laboratory procedures.
- Before filling the burette for the titration, rinse it with distilled water and then pre-rinse it with a portion of the titrant solution. Pre-rinsing is required to make sure that all solution in the burette is the desired solution, not a contaminated or diluted solution.
- Fill the burette with an excess amount of prepared titrant.
- Carefully clamp the burette to a burette-stand.
- Remove the air bubbles by tapping the burette or by draining some volume of titrant and adjusting it to zero reading.
- Measure precisely the amount of analyte to be used and pour it into a flask.
- Then add a few drops of indicator as per the procedure into the flask.
- If required, add a second chemical.
- Put the flask in place beneath the burette.
- Slowly rotate the stopcock to the open position to allow the titrant drips out of the burette.
- Once the reaction is completed (Equivalence/endpoint is reached), properly record the burette reading.
- It is recommended that to get accurate results, repeat the titration three times.
- Dispose of used chemicals in a clearly labeled waste container.
- Effectively clean glassware by rinsing it with water after use.
- Take their mean and calculate the molarity/normality/concentration of the sample.
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