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Wednesday, July 11, 2018

What is Particle Size Analysis

Particle size analysis is a technical process that determines the size of the particles in the sample. Either this is a powder sample or liquid sample; it shows the particle size of the particles in which ratio in the sample particle group to be calculated or used to characterize the particle size distribution in a given sample.

Particle size analysis can be applied to solid, emulsions, suspension, and aerosol. There are several methods employed to measure the particle size, some particle size method can be used for a broad range of the samples, but several can be used for specific applications. Choosing the most suitable method for different samples is very important because different methods can produce different results for the same material.

Friday, July 6, 2018

Procedure for Angle of Repose

Following is the procedure to perform the angle of repose granules.

1. Select a glass funnel, in which there is a spherical stem of 15 to 30 mm in diameter with a flat edge, Fix funnel with a clamp.

2. Place a glass plate and position it under the glass funnel, Place a graph paper on the glass plate.

3. Take 50 grams of granules.

4. While blocking the funnel hole by the thumb, add the granule to the funnel.

5. Remove the thumb. Granule flow on paper and forms a cone-shaped pile.

6. Adjust the funnel clamp so that the gap amongst the stem of a funnel and the peak of the powder is as 3mm.

7. Until a suitable gap is achieved repeat the steps 5-6.

8. Lastly, pour granules back in a funnel and allowed it to flow

9. Unlike each other on a circular basis on graph paper, mark 4 digits. Record all readings in the table there is d is diameter and r is Radius.

10. Using two rulers measure the pile height. Keep a ruler vertically and another is horizontal to touch the pile peak. Then record the value of the vertical scale and record it in the table, this value stands for height h.

11. Repeat the process for two more trials for average readings.

Variations in Angle of Repose Methods

The following variations have been utilized in Angle of Repose Methods

• The Drained angle of repose is decided by allowing an extra amount of material located above a certain diameter base for the "drain". The shape of a cone of powder on a certain diameter basis allows determining of the drained angle of repose.

• Dynamic angle of repose is by filling the cylinder and revolving at a particular speed. The dynamic angle of repose is determined by the flowing powder the dynamic angle of repose is formed. The plane which separates the particles that slide down the top layer of powder and separates those particles rotating with the drum is called as the interior angle of kinetic friction.

The angle of repose of the powder does not have an intrinsic property, that, it is very much dependent on the method used to make powder cone.

Method of Determining Angle of Repose

The most regular methods to determine the static angle of the repose can be classified on the base of the below two significant experimental variables.

1. The height may vary as a form of pile or powder passes through the height of the funnel, can be determined relative to the base.

2. The basis on which the structure of the pile forms can be fixed diameter or the powder diameter cone may be permitted to be converted into pile forms.

Since the size of the granules decreases, the flow of granules is less freely. Particle size distribution affects granulation separation and internal flow. With comparatively small size particles, particle flow throughout the orifice is restricted, because the united forces among the particles are of a magnitude equal to the gravitational force. As gravitational force is the work of diameter raised in the third power, it is important that the particle size increases, the flow is made easy. Through the flow by the hopper, the granules display the internal flow and demixing. Due to the frictional force, the flow of the granules is interrupted. Therefore, the digression of the angle of repose is articulated as the coefficient of friction μ.

Definition of Angle of Repose

The angle of the repose has been utilized in many branches of science to show the solids flow properties. The angle of the repose is a characteristic that is related to inter particulate resistance or friction to the movement among the particles. The angle of repose test results is very dependent on the method used. As a result of the segregation of material and consolidation, experimental difficulties arise or Powder's aeration formed as a cone.

The formula for Angle of Repose.

The angle of repose is specified by θ.

It is expressed as, Tan θ = µ = h/r.

Where,

h is the height,

r= radius of the pile

and µ is the coefficient of friction.

Flow Properties of Granules

In order to maintain the uniformity of the product, the powder flow properties should be studied in terms of the quality control of the raw material, but to avoid the rigid conditions in which the process can be broken, in relation to the conditions applied. As a result, the properties of the powder flow must be deliberate and adapted as part of each development program.

The characteristics of the powder flow are typically tested in conditions of gravity loading. By measurements like the angle of repose and added handling angles, Standardized flow rate, tap density, apparent and derived index; such measurements have confirmed the reliability of the powder flow on the size and shape distribution of the particle. In a loose powder, the frictional force can be measured by the angle of repose. This highest angle is possible among the powder pile surface and horizontal plane.

Fast disintegrating tablets

Fast release tablets are able to dissolve and disintegrate quickly when placed in the oral cavity. These types of tablets are either prepared using effervescent technology; melt technology or, the addition of super disintegrants. All technologies are rapidly disintegrated and leave the desired concentration in just of few seconds to 10 minutes.

Tablets are manufactured by lyophilization process, which is why it becomes extremely porous in nature, which is soluble in contact with saliva and the drug releases the in suspension form in the oral cavity. Swallowing difficulty is a common problem, particularly pediatric and aged patients, due to the physiological-related changes. Solid dosage forms can be dissolved, disintegrated through the saliva in the mouth, ensuing in easy swallowing can give major benefits.

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Tablet Coating
Definition of granulation
Dry granulation method
Wet granulation Method
Weight Variation Test for Tablets
Disintegration test for tablets
Content uniformity test
Definition of capsule
Advantages and Disadvantages of Capsules
Definition of Microcapsule

Wet granulation Method

Wet granulation is the most commonly used method in many pharmaceuticals and other industries, for the production of compressed tablets. In this process, by the wet massing of the drug (API) and excipients using granulation fluid the granules are produced.

There is a solvent used which should be volatile so that it can be removed by drying and be non-toxic. Specific liquids contain water, isopropanol, and ethanol in singular or in combination. The granular liquid can be used unaccompanied or, more usually, A dissolved adhesive as a solvent, which is used to make sure the particle adhesion after drying of the granule.

The following are the steps involved in the Wet granulation process.

Weighing and mixing the ingredients
Preparing for wet mass
Screening of the damp mass into granules
Drying for removing the solvents
Screening
Adding lubricating agents
Compression

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Dry granulation method
Definition of granulation
Definition of capsule
Advantages and Disadvantages of Capsules
Definition of Microcapsule
Tablet Coating
Fast disintegrating tablets
Weight Variation Test for Tablets
Disintegration test for tablets
Content uniformity test

Dry granulation method

The Dry granulation method is widely used in dry granulation conditions where the effectual drug dose for direct compression is very high, and the drug is responsive to moisture, heat, which prevents wet granulation. It is also called compression grain. This includes compaction of components through tablet presses or specially featured equipment, after milling and screening prior to final compression into a tablet. For this cause, this is recognized as the slugging method. This method is largely done with a or specially featured instrument called Roller Compactor, Which can be milled or screened in granulation appropriate for compression in the tablet.

The following are the steps involved in the dry granulation process.

Weigh and mixing of the ingredients
Screening
Pre-compression into the soft tablets
Crushing into granules
Screening
Adding lubricating agents
The final punch of tablets

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Wet granulation Method

Definition of granulation

Definition of capsule

Definition of Microcapsule

Tablet Coating

Fast disintegrating tablets

Weight Variation Test for Tablets

Disintegration test for tablets

Content uniformity test

Advantages and Disadvantages of Capsules

Definition of granulation

Granulation, the process of particle expansion by the agglomeration method, forms of drug dosage, is one of the most important unit operations for the manufacturing of most tablets and capsules. The granulation process converts fine powder into dust-free, free-flowing granules which are easy to compress.

However, due to the high quality of granules formed in the case of material uniformity and physical-chemical properties such as bulk density, granulation size, moisture, hardness, compressibility etc. granulation faces many challenges, by means of chemical and physical stability of the drug.

Granulation processes are divided into two types: Wet granulation and Dry granulation, in wet granulation the process which uses a liquid and dry granulation which uses solid.

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Wet granulation Method

Dry granulation method

Fast disintegrating tablets

Weight Variation Test for Tablets

Disintegration test for tablets

Content uniformity test

Definition of capsule

Advantages and Disadvantages of Capsules

Definition of Microcapsule

Tablet Coating

Tablet coating is used to mask or bad odor of tablet or masking the color or sustained release or for enteric release, there are different types of tablet coating are used such as film coating, sugar coating, enteric coating, specialized coating. Film coating is a deposition, thin polymer film around film coating tablet core. The coating material can have a physical deposition on tablet core or they can create a continuous film.

Generally, conventional pan coater instruments are used for film coating, the full drive unit is enclosed in a strong cabinet, the thermostat control is provided with a flexible SS pipe heater for rapid drying of hot air blowers. Heater blower is embedded with the motor, so unless the blower turns on, the heater does not start. In it, perforated pan coating is the most common method used. In this process, many tablets are sprayed with continuous coating solution supported by the pan and hot air to dry the tablets. This is a typically long process and depends on the type of equipment used, the parameters of the process and even the skills of the operator.

Definition of Microcapsule

The Microencapsulation is a novel method to retarding the drug release and reduces the adverse effects of dosage forms, which is increasing in patient compliance. Microencapsulation is a process in which the small droplets of liquid or solid material are coated or surrounded by the incessant film of the polymer material. The diameter of particles in between 3-800μm are known as microcapsules or microparticles and the particles size bigger than 1000 μm are known as microparticles.

Usually, there is consist of two components of microcapsules, Core material, and Coating material.

Core material: It is coated material, it can be liquid or solid it consists of API or Drug.

Coating material: This is the inert material used for the coat of the core material with a preferred thickness.

Definition of capsule

The capsule is a major adaptable of all dosage forms. Capsules are the form of solid dose in which individual or added medicinal and passive ingredients are enclosed usually made of gelatin in a small shell or container.

Two types of capsules are available one is the hard capsule and another is the soft capsule. The hard capsule is also known as "two-piece", since, there are two sections in the form of small cylinders which are closed on one end, The small sections are called "cap" which fits on the open end of the long piece, which is called "body".

Soft gelatin capsule is called "one piece". These types of capsules are existing in several sizes to offer the flexibility of dosage. Unpleasant drug flavor and odors can be covered by the tasteless shell of gelatin. Administration of the liquid and solid molecule with the hard gelatin capsules is the most commonly used dose forms.

Wednesday, July 4, 2018

Gas chromatography detectors types

GC Detectors can find identity and concentration of analytes. Selective, non-selective and specific are the nature of GC detectors. The non-selective detectors are responding to all components present in a carrier gas, selective have a response to a variety of compounds with the same chemical characteristics and specific detectors are the response to a specific compound. Flame ionization detector (FID) and Thermal conductivity detector (TCD) are the most commonly used detectors both are sensitive to a large range of components, FID is highly sensitive and robust than the TCD.FID no response to inorganic gases and TCD are a response to inorganic gases such as N2, CO, NH3, CO2, CS2, etc.

There are numbers of detectors are used for gas chromatography let’s check it.

Flame ionization detector: (FID)
Thermal conductivity detector: (TCD)
Nitrogen phosphorous detector: (NPD)
Photo ionization detector: (PID)
Electron capture detector: (ECD)
Flame photometric detector: (FPD)
Electrolytic conductivity detector: (ECD)
Mass spectrometer: (MS)

Gas chromatography columns

In all chromatography, a mobile phase and stationary phase is involved. In GC gas is a mobile phase and the column is a stationary phase. Various types of columns can be used for a different field, depends on the type of samples generally packed and capillary columns are used in GC.

The capillary column contains two parts, a tube, and a stationary phase. Capillary columns are available between 30 to 60-meter lengths, thin film between 0.1 to 10.0 µm, and diameter of inner wall between 0.05 to 0.53 mm I.D. With high molecular weight, thermally stable polymer coated on to the wall. Packed columns have a fine-divided, inert, solid support material coat with the liquid stationary phase. Generally packed columns are 1.5 to 10 m in length and 2 to 4 mm in internal diameter.

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What is Gas Chromatography

The gas chromatography carrier gas

GC Injector

Gas Chromatography Ovens

Gas chromatography detectors types

Applications of Gas Chromatography

Advantages of Gas Chromatography

What is HPLC

Applications of HPLC

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Wednesday, July 11, 2018

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