Wednesday, July 4, 2018

Gas Chromatography Ovens

The column temperature precisely controlled in oven, isothermal and temperature programming is the two programs of the oven, in isothermal programming column temperature should be constant during the entire separation it works best when the boiling point of analytes is narrow.
In the temperature, programming temperature can increase and decrease continuously or stepwise as per the requirement of separation. This method is suitable for the mixture of a wide range of boiling point.

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GC Injector

Microsyringe or an autosampler is used to inject the sample through a rubber septum into vaporizer port, the injector is generally heated 100-300°C which causes the volatile sample to convert into vapor. The vaporized analytes are carried into the column through the carrier gas to the detector. Gas chromatography has split less and split injection option when the packed and capillary columns are used. In sample splitter, just a fraction of the vaporized sample is allowed to pass into the head of the column and the rest of the sample is exiting through the split.



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Gas chromatography carrier gas

Commonly Nitrogen and Helium use as carrier gases; argon and Carbon dioxide are also used as carrier gases for gas chromatography. The selection of carrier gases often dependent upon the type of detector used in the system.
Hydrogen and Helium are normally used in traditional detectors such as Flame Ionization, electron capture, and thermal conductivity. Carrier gas plays important role in GC it must be dry, chemically inert, freer of oxygen and purity not less than 99.99 %. The gas system contains a molecular sieve and trap system to remove other impurities, water and contaminants to keep the system pure.

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What is Gas Chromatography?

Gas chromatography technique is widely used in many industrial laboratories, research, environmental, forensics laboratories for separation, identification, qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of analytes. Because its detection requires very small quantities of sample. GC requires compound to have to thermal stability, sufficient volatility or some analytes are in the vapor forms at 400 to 4500 C and they don’t decompose at this temperature. The analytes inject into the injector through the manual as well as autosampler syringe, samples, enter as a gas vapor, which transports into a column, for the carrying of sample gas used as a carrier gas., detector measure the response of each analyte.



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Method development by HPLC

Method development is the procedure of confirming that an analytical method is suitable for applying in the research laboratory to separate, identify and quantification of samples. Analytical methods must be applied within the GLP and GMP surroundings and have to be developed with the acceptance criteria and protocols as per the guidelines of ICH.
When developing the analytical method you have to keep some things in mind, like develop an analytical method simple as possible do not make it complicated, try to use of most common HPLC grade solvents and stationary phase, develop a cost and time-saving method.
Before starting the method development on HPLC Instrument.
  • Always use HPLC Grade solvents.
  • Filter the mobile phase through a 0.45 μ nylon membrane filter.
  • Filter the sample through a 0.2 μ nylon membrane filter.
  • Sonicate the mobile phase and samples to remove dissolved gases.
  • Purge the all solvent reservoir and flush autosampler for removing air bubbles and replace the solvents.
  • Set the desired parameter in the system.
  • Condition the column with a mobile phase for sufficient time.
  • Check column pressure, it should be minimum.
  • Start the analysis.
  • Integrate and Keep the data
How to start method development in HPLC
  1. Nature of sample (chemical and physical properties of the sample)
  2. Number of compounds present
  3. Structure of analyte
  4. pKa value
  5. solubility of analyte
  6. Molecular weight
  7. UV spectrum (λ max)
  8. Selection of the HPLC method, initial conditions, and optimization.
  • Reverse phase HPLC - use of water, the organic solvent as mobile phase, Column C18, C8, phenyl, TMS and Cyano.
Primary option for the majority of samples particularly neutral and nonionized compounds that soluble in water and organic mixture.
  • Ion Pair HPLC – use of water, the organic solvent as mobile phase, Buffer for control the pH and as the ion-pair reagent. Column C18, C8, and Cyano.
A suitable option for the ionic/ ionizable compounds particularly bases /cations.
  • Normal Phase HPLC – mobile phase are as mixture of organic solvents, Columns Cyano, diol, amino, silica.
Next option while reverse phase and ion-pair HPLC do not work, primary option for samples of lipophilic that not soluble well into water and organic mixtures, primary option for combinations of isomers.
Other than the theoretical part you should refer the literature to observe if there are already methods are exists for the same sample or a similar one. You must check journals with reference books for HPLC methods. Whereas developing HPLC method follow the ICH guidelines like tailing factor, Asymmetry factor, Resolution, Capacity factor, theoretical plate’s number. You should try with methanol and water in while doing method development or according to your sample's solubility it should start with 50 % and according to the peak retain you can change the percentage of mobile phase until you get the Sharpe peak, If peak is not retained on mobile phase of Methanol / Acetonitrile /water after that you can use buffer. It should be phosphate or acetate. Phosphate buffer has commonly used a buffer for its easy availability and PKa value. Phosphate buffer is stable and provides the additional Hydrophilic effect.
Buffers are used when you analyze ionizable analyte with reverse phase chromatography and to maintain the pH stable of the mobile phase. Once you obtain better peak shape after that go for peak sharpness. Keep in mind the method should be economy and time-saving.
Peak shape should be within the range of as per the ICH guidelines for tailing factor, Asymmetry factor, Resolution, Capacity factor, theoretical plate number, Peak response.
It is a challenging task to be logical before changes any parameter after method development method validation should be done as per the guidelines of ICH. 

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Tuesday, June 5, 2018

Side effects of eating too many almonds

Almonds are very nutritious and it contains a high amount of fat, but trans fat is very low. There is no cholesterol in it. Almonds contain phosphorus, vitamin E, fiber, calcium, proteins, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, which take care of brain, heart, skin and overall health. By eating almonds cholesterol can also be controlled. Since almonds have so many properties, if consumed it more as needed, this gives fewer health benefits and harm to our health.
  • Problems in the digestive system
If you consume too many almonds then you may have constipation problem. Your abdomen may be bloating. Since almonds contain too much fiber and the body is not too accustomed to its use. If increasing the amount of fiber in the food, should increase the amount of water.
  • Excessive intake of vitamin E
It may not have any side effects, but this is a possible excessive intake of vitamin E may lead to weakness, diarrhea, and vision.
  • Weight can increase
Although almonds help reduce cholesterol, the amount of fat and calories is very high. If you fail to burn the calories taken from almonds, then it can increase your weight.
  • Neutralize the effects of medicines
If you take medicine for the blood pressure or any other antibiotics, then excessive consumption of almonds can neutralize the effects of medicines.
So take adequate quantity or consult your physician about how much quantity required by your body.

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Benefits of Almonds 
Benefits of Almond Oil 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Skin 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Hair 
Almond Oil for Baby Massage 
Benefits of Soaked Almonds
Almond Nutrition Fact 
Benefits of Almond Milk 
Benefits of Almond Butter 
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Saturday, June 2, 2018

Benefits of Almond Butter

It is wealthy in monounsaturated fats that reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart diseases. The Almond butter can be effectual in reducing blood pressure since it holds minerals, which can lower the blood pressure. Almond butter can also assist to manage blood sugar levels in the body by reducing the sudden increase in blood glucose and insulin, Almond nut butter contains high amounts of essential fatty acids. Almond nut contains about 44% oil, its oil is used as an internally and externally purpose. Almond oil contains vitamins A, B, and E. This oil also helps in enhancing your beauty.
Nutrition fact of almond butter consists of Saturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat, Monounsaturated Fat, Sodium, Potassium, carbohydrates, Dietary Fiber, sugar, proteins, Calcium, Magnesium, phosphorous, Iron, Folate, Vitamin B-6, Vitamin B-12 and vitamin E that gives antioxidant action.
So eat almond butter to give strength to the body and keep brain, heart, and skin healthy with the wealth of benefits of almond butter.

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 Benefits of Almonds
Benefits of Almond Oil 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Skin 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Hair 
Almond oil for baby massage 
Benefits of Soaked Almonds 
Almond nutrition fact 
Benefits of Almond Milk 
Side effects of eating too many almonds 
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Benefits of Almond Milk

The amount of calcium and iron in milk is high. Almonds also have nutrition like proteins, fibers, and minerals in abundance. Grind almonds into milk and boil for some time. Drinking it every day helps in removing many diseases. Almond and milk are both high-quality components. This is considered to be the best diet for the health of the brain. Due to the antioxidant properties of Vitamin E is not only enhances the activity of the brain but also helps to prevent cognitive decline. Almond and milkshake strengthen memory. Almond and milk drinks contain zinc too, which protects against bacteria that damage brain cells. By drinking almond milk, the skin becomes shiny and healthy. 
Let's check some health benefits the bodies obtain from Almond's milk.
Controls the Body Weight
Almond milk will help to lose body weight. A cup of almond milk contains about 60 calories. Drink it every day and keep your weight under control.
Healthy and Strong Heart 
Almond milk does not contain cholesterol, but almond helps to control the cholesterol level, it contains a high amount of healthy omega fatty acids. It is very vital oil for a healthy heart. 
For the Strong Bones and Teeth 
Form milk body gets vitamin D from which bones can absorb calcium. Drinking almond milk reduces the risk of osteoporosis and arthritis. 
Increasing the Body Energy
Although the almond milk does not contain much protein content, it contains nutrition called magnesium, copper and riboflavin etc. This helps in increasing the body’s energy.
Skin becomes shiny and healthy
Almond is good source vitamin E, which shine the skin. It is a very nutritious element that fills moisture in the skin and makes it healthy.


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Benefits of Almonds
Benefits of Almond Oil 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Skin 
Benefits of Almond Oil for Hair 
Almond oil for baby massage 
Benefits of Soaked Almonds 
Almond nutrition fact 
Benefits of Almond Butter 
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Almond nutrition fact

Almonds are a good one for your heart, brain, belly, and skin. Most credit goes to the antioxidant vitamin E, which is able to boost the performance of memory and cognitive. Maybe almond is well-known for that they are good for your heart. By reducing the bad cholesterol, almonds can assist to maintain healthy cholesterol levels and a healthy heart.
If you are getting improving from injury, illness or surgery, then you may need extra proteins, hence your requirement of protein can be fulfilled by Eating almonds other than high protein foods. These proteins are utilized to maintain and repair almost every part of the body, including blood, hair, skin, limbs, muscles, and nails.
Almonds nuts are wealthy sources of vitamins and minerals with many health-promoting phytochemicals, these nuts compose with balanced food principles that are necessary for good health and wellness.
Almond nutrition fact
Calories, Protein, Vitamin E, Riboflavin, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Copper, Manganese. Total Fat-Saturated, Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, Carbohydrate.  Total carbohydrates-Dietary fiber, Sugar. Cholesterol, Sodium, Potassium, and Fiber are the nutrients present in almond.

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Benefits of Soaked Almonds

Almonds are very healthy dried fruit and it offers a range of vitamins, minerals, fibers and proteins such as calcium, zinc, omega 3 fatty acids, and Vitamin E, as an antioxidant. That keeps our heart, skin, and brain health. However, it is significant to soak them in the body for additional absorption in these properties. Several enzymes in almonds are not capable to digest it so keep them wet overnight. It makes softer the outer shell and assists the body to obtain additional nutritions than almonds.
Here some health benefits of soaked almonds have been mentioned
  • Soaked almonds can help improve digestion
It improves the digestion by dissolving raw and fried almonds in water. Since enzymes in almonds help to decrease body fat.
  • Soaking almond regulates 'bad cholesterol' in the body
The problem of cholesterol growth is rising nowadays caused by a stressful lifestyle. Almond decreases bad cholesterol and increases good cholesterol.
  • Help reduce weight
An almond improves the digestion system, control frequent hunger, and as well as regulates the metabolic syndrome, which is the major cause of obesity.
  • Improves heart work
It helps in reducing heart strain and also prevent heart attacks. So, it is essential to take almonds in the diet.
  • Regulates the problem of blood pressure
Almonds are very helpful to manage the problems related to blood pressure. If the patients of blood pressure eat almonds, it naturally assists in staying in the blood pressure normal.


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Almond oil for baby massage

Massage of a baby is very significant for its health and physical development. Massage makes the child's bones strong. Along with the message, the children also get good sleep and they remain active. Massage of the baby is also significant because it gives the child's skin nutrition. But sometimes there is confusion about what is the best oil for the child. There are many manufacturers of Baby oil available in the market. Selecting the correct oil for baby massage is very important. It would be better if you consult your physician before selecting any oil.
Almond oil
Almond oil is rich in vitamin E. It works to give full protection to the skin. Almond oil acts as a relief to the child, so that it is good to sleep. This is the most popular oil for body massages. This oil is extracted from almonds and is yellowish. Oleic and linoleic acid is found in almond oil and massage with body and face in this body makes the body skin soft and soft and it also serves to provide moisture to the skin. Apart from this, almond contains proteins, magnesium, vitamins, copper, minerals, fibers, fatty acids, it gives antioxidant properties. It also helps in relieving muscular pain and discomfort. It’s very beneficial to heart since it maintains the cholesterol level, it also beneficial to hair, skin and brain function.
Apart from this, these are some of the options that will be safe to massage.
Olive oil
Olive oil is very beneficial for children. The skin of the child is not harmed by this oil. Massage with nutritious olive oil has anti-inflammatory properties, it relieves the arthritis pain, and it will protect in inflamed tissues and also protects the skin from infection.
Coconut oil
Selecting coconut oil is a better choice. The oil is very light and the skin absorbs it very easily. Coconut oil serves as cooling oil. It provides nutrition to the baby's skin and also keeps its skin soft. Anti-fungal, anti-bacterial properties are found in coconut oil. In such a case, this is a better option for the child's skin.
Castor oil
Castor oil is also a better choice, but it would be best to use it before bathing. This is very beneficial for a lethal skin. This oil has been used for years of massaging.
Mustard oil
Mustard oil is helpful in keeping the body warm. But mustard oil can be heavier and warmer than the skin of the child. In such a case it would be beneficial to combine it with some other light oil. With this, the skin is smooth and the child gets rest too.

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Benefits of almond oil for hair

Almond oil holds all kinds of vitamins, proteins, fibers, and minerals they are beneficial for healthy hair. Nutrition’s such as magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, phospholipids, vitamin E as an antioxidant, also it rich with unsaturated fats that increase the level of healthy cholesterol, since it is beneficial to heart as well as brain and skin. The almond oil is the best solution to keep hair healthy and it prevents from dry, falling and lifeless hair. By regularly using the almond oil, hair gets becoming strong and nourished. Some drops of almond oil can get a lot of nutrition from your hair roots so that hair becomes bright and soft but pure almond oil should be used.
  • Treats dandruff by almond oil
Head massage with almond oil to eliminate the dead cells and remove dandruff. It offers nourishment to the hair and prevents all hair related problems. 
  • Almonds oil for long and healthy hair
By regularly applying almond oil in the hair, it keeps the beauty and shines hair for a long period of time. Almond oil is an immense source of magnesium and prevents from falling hair, therefore, most hair care products use almonds. 
Apply almond oil properly in hair root at least twice a week, after massaging with almond oil in the hair root, soak the towel in hot water and squeeze the water and cover the head with a towel, This practice will help you to stop hair loss and hair will be looking beautiful. 


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Benefits of almond oil for Skin

Almond offers numerous nutrition value. The vitamins, minerals, fiber, and proteins act as an antioxidant since it is used in enhancing and maintaining beauty. There are many health benefits of almond in the form of dry almond, almond butter, almond oil, almond milk, and some other forms, Almond contains potassium, magnesium, calcium, Vitamin E and Vitamin D. since it has a cholesterol It is extremely useful for keeping healthy heart functions and also useful to keep a healthy brain, healthy skin and hair.
Let’s check some health benefits of almond oil for skin.
  • Provide healthy skin
The health benefits of almond oil are innumerable. It holds the moisture into the skin and protects the pores from blockage. It is effectual by refining the body color and gives it glows also it nourishes the skin that becomes softer.
  • Anti-Aging Effect
Its anti-aging is one of the top benefits of almond oil. Keep skin fresh and young with daily use and renewing the cell of the skin.
  • Reduces dark circle and acne
To reduce the dark circle, A light massage with almond oil under the eyes is very beneficial before going to bed at night. Regular uses also reduce wrinkles and acne.
  • Best option to remove make-up
Since almond oil is light and non-greasy, it is a good option to remove makeup due to it is suitable for every skin type.
  • Protects from the sunburn and tanning
Almond oil also works as a natural sunscreen. It protects from the sunburn and tanning, also reducing the worst effects of the sun.


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Benefits of Almond Oil

Almond oil is an ideal tonic for the whole family; it can be consumed as a food adder. It is also beneficial in intestinal cancer and removing stomach problems. Regular intake of almond oil consumes cholesterol. That is, it is also good for heart health. Almond is nutrition for the brain and nervous system, because of its content fiber, protein, vitamins, and minerals. It is beneficial for the heart, brain and the body.
Almond oil rich in vitamin D it also contributes to the development of children's bones. Dandruff is eliminated from almond oil and it is also effective in hair care. Vitamins and minerals present in it make hair shiny and healthy. Almond is basically a mixture of proteins (about 16.5 %) and oil (about 41 %), it is certain that in them, the person gets the full benefit of the medicinal properties. 
Here some health benefits of almond oil have been mentioned. 
  • Almond oil removes constipation and makes the body strong.
  • It is an intellectual energy enhancer, longevity builder.
  • The use of sweet almond oil provides immediate relief from muscle aches such as pain.
  • Using almond oil brings accumulation in color and provides lifeless skin raining.
  • Almond oil is also considered to be the best in returning skin moisture.
  • Pure almond oil removes stress.
  • Almond oil gives a healthy vision and relieves the pain of muscle.
  • Almond oil has Vitamin E that offer antioxidant properties.

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