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Friday, July 30, 2021

Advantages and disadvantages of potentiometric titration

Potentiometric titration includes the determination of the potential of a sample as a function of titrant volume, it has many advantages as well as some disadvantages, let's check them.

Potentiometric titration is used to determine electrical potential changes while a neutralizing agent is added to a sample solution. Potentiometric titration is a technique that is like the direct titration of a redox reaction. There are four types of potentiometric titration such as acid-base titration, redox titration, complexometric titration, and precipitation titration.

This includes the determination and recording of the cell potential in the unit of millivolt or pH after each titrant addition. It uses two types of electrodes are used indicator electrode and a reference electrode. The metal ion indicator, glass electrode, calomel electrode, silver chloride electrode, and hydrogen electrode are commonly used in the potentiometric titration. To perform the titration several apparatus are required such as burette, conical flask, pipette, volumetric flask, funnel, stand, beaker, and wash bottle, etc.

Here are mentioned some of the advantages and disadvantages of potentiometric titration.

Advantages of potentiometric titration:

  • The major advantage of potentiometric titration is that it is a direct titration in which an indicator is not required to determine the endpoint or equivalence point of the reaction.
  • Potentiometric titration is used as an automated system with more sample processing capacity that is applied in different fields.
  • It can also perform in a sample containing a small amount of analyte whose concentration needs to be determined.
  • The advantage of using this titration method is that it is an economical method.
  • The results of this titration are accurate and sharp since the equivalence point is not estimated through a color indicator.
  • This type of titration is functional if the solutions are turbulent, fluorescent, and colored where the endpoint obtained by the indicator is masked.
  • Automated endpoints give accuracy compared to manual titration.

Disadvantages of potentiometric titration:

  • The major disadvantage of potentiometric titration is that they are very sensitive to pH.
  • Potentiometric titration takes a longer time than titration with the indicator.
  • Errors can occur when preparing solutions or by any contamination.
  • If the electrode is exposed to air, the pH reading may be different.
  • Need for exactly known concentrations of solutions.
  • We need to calibrate frequently.
  • It is very sensitive to changes in ionic strength.
  • As compared to the manual titration it needs an instrument that has two electrodes, an indicator, and a reference electrode.


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Thursday, July 29, 2021

Principle and types of potentiometric titration

Learn about the principle, types, and applications of potentiometric titration, that measures the potential between two electrodes as a function of the added reagent volume.

Titration is a commonly used analytical technique in laboratories for estimating the concentration of an analyte in a sample solution since it has various advantages and applications. 

Titration is also known as volumetric or titrimetry analysis since volume measurement is significant in titration.


What is potentiometric titration?

Potentiometric titration is a type of volumetric method used to determine the amount of an analyte by adding measured increments of titrant until the end-point is completed. 

Following the titration, the potential difference between the indicator electrode and the reference electrode is determined under conditions where the thermodynamic equilibrium is maintained and the current passing through the electrodes does not disturb it. 

It involves determining and recording the cell potential (millivolts or pH) after each titrant addition. To perform the potentiometric titration indicator electrode (metal ion indicator and glass electrode) and a reference electrode are used. The calomel electrodes, hydrogen electrodes, and silver chloride electrodes are commonly used as reference electrodes. 

With the interested ions in the sample solution, the indicator electrode forms an electrochemical half cell and the other half cell forms by the reference electrode. The different apparatus used in the potentiometric titration are burette, pipette, conical flask, funnel, beaker, volumetric flask, wash bottle and stand, etc.

Principle of potentiometric titration:

The principle behind the potentiometry is that when a pair of electrodes is placed in a solution, the addition of a titrant or a change in the concentration of ions indicates the potential difference. The reference electrode has its potential value and when it is dipped into sample solution it is stable. 

The salt bridge is employed to keep the analyte solution from interfering with the reference solution. The solution whose potential is to be determined is referred to as an analyte solution. The indicator electrode is the one that reacts to changes in the analyte solution's potential.

The total electric potential is calculated as Ecell = Eind - Eref + Esol.
A chemical indicator is not used in this reaction; the electric potential across the material is instead measured.

Types of potentiometric titration:

Potentiometric titration is a laboratory method used in the characterization of acids similar to direct titration of a redox reaction. Potentiometric titration can perform the following 4 types of titrations.

Acid-base titration:

An acid-base titration is a quantitative analysis used to determine the acid or base concentration by precisely neutralizing the acid or base with a known concentration standard solution. 

Titration of HCl with NaOH is an example in which a pH indicator (Generally phenolphthalein) is used to produce color by which the equivalence point or endpoint of the reaction determines. It is also can be performed by potentiometric titration however it doesn’t need an indicator. 

Redox titration:

It is a type of titration it includes the use of a redox indicator or potentiometer. It works based on an oxidation-reduction reaction between the titrant and the compound. Iodometry, permanganometry, bromatometry, cerimetry, and dichrometry are some of the most used redox titrations. A platinum or calomel electrode is also used in redox titration using a potentiometer.

Complexometric titration:

In this type of potentiometric titration, membrane electrodes are used to determine the concentration of metal ions in the compound sample. In the reaction of this method, a metal indicator complex is formed when the metal ion reacts with the indicator. 

Complexometric titration consists of replacement titration, back titration, direct titration, and indirect titration.

Precipitation titration:

It is a titration method that involves the formation of precipitates throughout the process of titration. The titrant reacts with the solute to form an insoluble substance, and the titration is carried until the last drop of the solute has been consumed. 

Depending on the type of application it consists of Volhard’s method, Mohr's method, and Fagan’s method.

Applications of potentiometric titration:

  • Potentiometric titration is used in environmental analysis.
  • It is used in different industries such as pharmaceutical, food, and detergent, etc.
  • To detect different elements in soils, fertilizers, etc. it is used in the agriculture sector.
  • It is used to determine the equivalence point of an acid-base solution.
  • It is broadly used for the assay of several official compounds.
  • It is used in clinical chemistry for the analysis of metals
  • It is used in environmental chemistry for the analysis of water and wastewater.  


Commonly asked questions on potentiometric titration are as follows.

What is the importance of potentiometric titration?
Potentiometry is important for determining a sample solution's electromotive force or potential. The ion concentration is directly proportional to the potential.

What is the electrode used in potentiometric titrations?
In a potentiometric titration, calomel and silver/silver chloride electrodes are most commonly used. A mercurous sulfate electrode can be used in halide determination.

Why are indicators used in titration?
The indicators are used in titration for the detection of endpoints of reactions. The color of an indicator changes when the acidity or oxidizing power of a solution reaches a critical range of values.
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Wednesday, July 28, 2021

Advantages and disadvantages of precipitation titration

Learn about the advantages as well as disadvantages of precipitation titration, Mohr method, Fajan method, and Vollhard method.

Chemical analysis plays an important role in chemistry; they are broadly divided into two types of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Titration, also known as titrimetry, is an analytical technique that is commonly used to determine the concentration of an analyte in a sample solution. Acid-base, redox (oxidation-reduction), and precipitation titration are the types of titration. In each type involves a different type of chemical reaction and principle. They are used in a wide variety of applications in industries and research.


Titration is performed using a burette which is filled by a known concentration of titrant over a conical flask or beaker containing a solute. The titrant is added dropwise until the reaction is completed, and the endpoint or equivalence point is indicated by the indicator used in the reaction.

What is precipitation titration?

Precipitation titration is a type of titration in which a precipitate is formed during the titration reaction. The titrant reacts with the compound to form an insoluble material (precipitate). It employs silver ions to determine chloride levels and continues until all of the compounds have been consumed. Precipitation titration refers to the volumetric process which is based on the formation of a slightly soluble precipitate; however, the argentometric technique refers to precipitating titration using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precipitating agent. Precipitation titration has three types, Mohr method, Vollhard method, and Fajan method.

Advantages of precipitation titration:

  • The major advantage of precipitation titration is that it is a common method for measuring the presence of halide ions and certain metal ions in a solution, as well as the salt content of food, drinks, and water.
  • The major advantage of the Mohr method is that it is a simple, direct, and precise method for chloride determination.
  • The major advantage of the Fajan method is that it can selectively work with different indicators over different pH ranges.
  • The major advantage of the Volhard method is that it has the ability to performing direct silver and indirect halide analysis, and the endpoint provides very clear color changes.
  • It can provide the rapid and precise result of the analysis.
  • Minimum and generally used laboratory apparatus such as burette, pipette, funnel, conical flask, beaker, burette stand, wash bottle are required.
  • It is feasible to automate the process.
  • There is no need of highly specialized chemical knowledge.

Disadvantages of precipitation titration:

  • The major disadvantage of precipitation titration over other titration methods is that it requires more skill and practice to achieve effective results.
  • The major disadvantage of Mohr titration is that it works only at a pH between 7 and 10 (alkaline solution only) since the chromate ion is the conjugate base of the week chromic acid.
  • Another limitation of the Mohr method is it is not suitable for iodide, and in the reaction, it requires a blank.
  • The major disadvantage of the Fajan method is that it has difficulty in dilute solution; it should not have high background ionic level.
  • The major advantage of the Volhard method is that it has some problems with specific anions.
  • Equipment used in titration must be calibrated appropriately as this will affect the final result.
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Monday, July 26, 2021

What are the different types of volumetric titration method?

The acid-base titrations, redox titration, and complexometric titrations are the types of volumetric titration in which the concentration of a solute is found out by volume determination.

Titration is a type of quantitative chemical analysis used to determine the concentration of the analyte. It is also called titrimetry in the context of volumetric analysis since volume measurement is significant in titration. The titrant is added to a burette until the reaction is complete, the equivalence point or endpoint is usually indicated with an indication. Acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titrations are 4 different types of titration based on different techniques and purposes.

Volumetric analysis is a broadly used analytical method that includes calculating the volume of a specified concentration solution and is used to determine the concentration of the compound. In a volumetric titration, a titrant is applied to an unknown concentration with an indicator that will mark the time at which all compounds have reacted. Volumetric analysis is known called titrimetric analysis, as all experiments are done by titration reactions under this type of analysis. Depending on the nature of the reaction, the volumetric analysis can be classified into three techniques which are acid-base titrations, redox titrations, and complexometric titration.

Types of volumetric titration method:

Acid-base reactions, complexometric reactions, and redox reactions are some of the most typical volumetric analysis applications which involve the analysis of a certain volume of an unknown sample with a known solution.

Acid-Base titration:

In this type of titration, the reaction of an acid and a base is involved. By adding a solution of standard base, the estimated value of acid in a sample solution can be determined (or vice-versa). The strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, weak acid-weak base are the types of acid-base titration in which indicators are selected based on the type of titration and pH range. Commonly used indicators in the acid-base are phenolphthalein and methyl orange.

Complexometric titration:

This type of volumetric analysis involves the formation of a colored complex to indicate the endpoint of a titration. It is very effective for determining the concentration of different metal ions in the sample solution. Back titration, direct titration, replacement titration, and indirect titration are the forms of complexometric titration, in which the Eriochrome Black T indicator is most commonly used.

Redox titration:

In this type of volumetric titration, a redox reaction between an analyte and a titrant is involved. Iodimetry, cerimetry, permanganometry, bromatometry, and dichrometry are some of the most common redox reactions. They are based on the oxidation-reduction process between the analyte and the titrant. A redox indicator (e.g. phenanthroline) or potentiometer is commonly used for redox titration.

In volumetric analysis, the precision of results is dependent on the use of accurate apparatus or glassware, such as volumetric flasks, burettes, and pipettes, all of which must be calibrated. The exact weight of the substance is another important factor in obtaining accurate results. To learn about the basic principle of volumetric titration search our blog.


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Friday, July 23, 2021

What are the 4 types of titration?

Learn about the types of titrations in chemistry which can be classified based on the type of substance, based on the method used for titration, based on the procedures and goals, and based on the nature of solvents and chemical reaction, etc.

A titration is a method by which a known concentration solution is used to determine the concentration of an unknown solute. The titrant is usually applied from a burette to a known compound quantity unless the reaction is complete. To indicate completeness (endpoint or equivalence point), a visual indicator (buffer or pH solution) is often used. 

The titration formula can easily determine the concentration of the analyte because the volume of the titrant is already known. A conical flask, beaker, funnel, burette, and its stand, volumetric flask, pipette, wash bottle, and necessary chemicals are used to perform routine titrations to determine the concentration of a solute.


It is one of the most common burette techniques of quantitative analysis in health care and life sciences and many industries worldwide are titrations. It is a routine laboratory work that usually has applications in many industries including pharmaceutical, agriculture, chemical, water treatment, wine, cosmetics, food, dairy products, automotive, and environmental studies, etc., and is usually taught while studying or training in classes of schools and colleges.

How to classify titration:

Titrations are divided into different types depending on the type of compound to be evaluated or the type of analysis to be performed.

Classification of titration based on the titration method:

It includes direct titration and indirect titration. Direct titration is a basic titration technique that involves the reaction between the unknown compounds and compounds with the known concentration.

Indirect titration is also known as back titration and is performed when normal titrations are slow and the endpoint is difficult to determine. It’s referred to as the reverse process of performing titrations. Generally, it involves two stages; the analyte reacts with the first reagent, which is added in excess. The reaction of the added reagent with the second reagent determines its volume.

Classification of titration based on the nature of solvents and the nature of the chemical reaction:

It includes acid-base titrations, redox titrations, precipitation titrations, and complexometric titrations, etc. Of these, the most commonly used types of titrations in quantitative chemical analysis are redox titrations and acid-base titrations.

Classification of titration based on the quality of the reagents used:

It includes strong acid along with strong base titrations, strong acid along with weak base titrations, strong base along with weak acid, and weak base along with weak acid, etc. these types are generally used in the acid-base titrations.

Different types of titration:

According to the nature of the chemical reaction taking place between the titrant and sample, there are four types of titrations such as acid-base titrations, redox titrations, precipitation titrations, and complexometric titrations, etc.

types of titration

Acid-base titrations:

The acid-base titration is used to find out the unknown acid or base concentration, which is neutralized with a known concentration of acid or base. The concentration can be measured using the stoichiometry of the reaction. 

It uses the neutralization reaction that takes place between the acid and the base and how it will react when the acid and base formulas are known. Strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, and weak acid-weak base are the four forms of acid-base titration.

Redox Titrations:

Redox titration is a technique of measuring the concentration of a given compound due to a redox reaction between titrant and compound. Sometimes, these forms of titrations include the use of a redox indicator or potentiometer. It works based on the reaction of oxidation-reduction between the compound and the titrant. 

Determining the concentration of unknown compounds is one of the most common laboratory methods. The major types of redox titrations are iodometry or iodimetry, bromatometry, cerimetry, permanganometry, and dichrometry, etc.

Precipitation Titrations:

Precipitation titration is a titrimetric method that involves the formation of precipitates during the process of titration. In which the titrant reacts with the compound and forms an insoluble matter and this titration continued until the final drop of the compound is consumed. If the titrant is excess it will react with the indicator and indicate to end the titration process. 

According to the endpoint detection method, precipitation titration has three major types that are widely used, depending on the type of applications, such as Mohr's method, Volhard’s method, and Fagan’s method.

Complexometric Titrations:

In this type of titration, the metal ion reacts with the indicator and forms a metal indicator complex. Subsequently, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid is added that reacts with a metal ion to form a metal-EDTA complex that is extra stable than the metal-indicator complex. Hence the metal-indicator complex subsequently breaks down and gives free metal ions to react with EDTA. 

Free metal ions are not present at the equivalence point and therefore free indicator ion provides a color that is distinct from the metal indicator complex color. Back titration, replacement titration, direct titration, and indirect titration are the types of complexometric titration.

Commonly asked quotations on titration are as follows.

What is the main purpose of titration?
The basic purpose of titration is to determine the unknown concentration in a sample using an analytical method.

What are the different indicators used in the titration method?
Phenolphthalein, methyl violet, methyl red, methyl yellow, methyl orange, eriochrome black T, litmus, bromothymol blue, crystal violet, sodium diphenylamine, p-nitrophenol, starch indicator, and thymol blue are the different types of indicators used in titration methods according to the reaction.

What are the different instruments used in the titration method?
Different types of instruments, such as an automatic titrator, a pH meter, a conductivity meter (conductometry), a potentiometer, a Karl-Fischer titrator, colorimeter, thermometric titrator, and amperometry, etc. are can be used in a variety of industries to perform precise titration.

What is double titration with example?
Double Titration means two titrations are done in a process, In which the first titration is used to standardize the titrant, while the second titration is used to determine the molarity of the titrand. For example, calculate the molarity of hydrochloric acid (acid) by titrating it with sodium hydroxide (base).
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Thursday, July 22, 2021

What are the applications of titration?

Titration is a method of quantitative chemical analysis that has several applications in the pharmaceutical field, real-life, daily life, food industry, research, cosmetic industry, wine industry, automotive industry, biochemical and clinical, etc.

Titration, also known as titrimetry, is a typical quantitative chemical analysis used to determine the unknown concentration of an identified analyte. 

It is also referring as volumetric analysis because volume measurement is important in titration. In this method, the titrant is added from a burette until the reaction is finished, and an indicator is normally used to indicate the endpoint or equivalence point when the reaction is finished.


There are several types of titrations including acid-base, complexometric, precipitation, and redox titration with different procedures and goals. However, the most common types of qualitative titration are acid-base and redox titrations. 

As advantages concern, it has a simple practical procedure and does not require expensive chemicals and apparatus. Burette, pipette, conical flask, beaker, funnel, volumetric flask, burette stand, and wash bottle, etc. are required apparatus for titrations.

Applications of titration:

    applications of titration
  • The major application of titration is that it is used to determine the unknown concentration of solute in different fields.
  • Pharmaceutical application is the most common application of titration, in which it is used for purity analysis, and content analysis of dosage forms or medicines.
  • Wine manufacturers use titration to improve flavor and maintain consistency of product, in the absence of analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (HPLC).
  • Titration is used for determining the amount of contamination in water, and determine the correct pH of the water.
  • In the cosmetics industry, titration is used to determine the concentration and amount of chemicals to utilize in their products.
  • It is used in the food industries to determine the nutritional value of food to maintain the quality of a product.
  • The titration process is used to determining the pH and acidity of the initial milk used to manufacture the cheese.
  • Titration can also be used to determine the amount of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in food.
  • Titration is used in the manufacturing of biodiesel fuel in the automotive sector.
  • The titration process is used in the paint industry to determine chemical concentrations, pH levels, and the amount of water used in paints.
  • In the diagnosis of diabetes, titration can be used to determine glucose levels.
  • Titration is a procedure commonly used to determine which compounds are present in urine samples.
  • The theory and practice of titration are taught in many schools and colleges as part of chemistry courses.
  • The Titration process is of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mine waters.

Applications of titration in different fields are listed below:

Agriculture sector

Tobacco industry

Chemical industry

Paint industry

Coal products

Cosmetics industry

Plastic products

Food industry

Glass industry

Medicine or drugs analysis

Rubber manufacturing

Petroleum or Oil Industry

Mining industry

Stone or ceramics

Textiles sector


What are titrations and what are they used for?

The following are the various types of titrations and their applications.

Application of acid-base titration:

An acid-base titration is a technique for determining an acid's or base's concentration (unknown) by neutralizing it with a known concentration of acid or base.

Application of complexometric titration:

Complexometric titrations are particularly used for determining the concentration of different metal ions in a mixture of sample solutions.

Application of precipitation titration:

It is a type of titration used to determine chloride by using silver ions, in which the analyte and titrant react to form a precipitate during the process of titration.

Application of redox titration:

The redox titration is also called oxidation-reduction titration, it is based on the oxidation-reduction reaction between the analyte and titrant. It is used for the analysis of organic analytes and mainly evaluating chlorination.

Application of non-aqueous titration:

Non-aqueous titration is a type of titration in which the analyte component is dissolved in a non-water-containing solvent. Non-aqueous titration is carried out for water-insoluble drugs, weakly acidic drugs, and weakly basic drugs, etc.

Application of back titration:

It is a titration method that involves reacting an analyte with a known amount of extra reagent to determine its concentration. Back titration is intended to solve some of the issues that may arise when using forward or direct titration.

Application of neutralization titration:

Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base used to determine the concentrations of solutes. Acids, bases, and any species that may be converted into an acid or base are among the most commonly studied species.

Application of iodometric titration:

It is known as Iodometry titration, which is a method of volumetric chemical analysis. Iodometric titration method used for determining the concentration of an oxidizing agent in a solution of water samples.

Application of argentometry titration:

In analytical chemistry, argentometry is a type of titration which is based on the precipitation of silver (I) ion compounds. Argentometry titrations are commonly used to find the concentration of chloride in a sample.

Application of Karl Fischer titration:

The Karl Fischer titration is based on the Bunsen reaction between iodine and sulfur dioxide in an aqueous medium that uses volumetric or coulometric titrations to determine the amount of water present in a given analyte. 

It is a widely used method in the different pharmaceutical as well as other industries for the determination of moisture content by quality-control analysis for liquid, solid, and gaseous samples. In this method, a Karl fisher apparatus is used.

Application of potentiometric titration:

Potentiometry is a method of determining the concentration of a solute in a given solution by measuring the potential between two electrodes. It is similar to the direct titration of a redox reaction, in this method Instead of using a chemical indicator, the electric potential across the material is detected. 

It is particularly used in the characterization of acids, as well as for analysis of metals, elements, and food processing, etc. Generally, it is performed using the potentiometer or pH meter.

Application of spectrophotometric titration:

Spectrophotometry is a method of determining the quantity of a sample by adding known increments of titrant until the end-point is achieved. It is a method of measuring how much light a chemical substance absorbs or transmits, by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of light passes through a sample solution. 

Spectrophotometry is one of the most widely used quantitative analysis methods for the determination of analyte concentration using the Beer-Lambert law in a variety of fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, chemical engineering, biology, physics, clinical applications, industrial applications, and research, etc. Generally, it is performed using the UV-visible spectrophotometer or IR-spectrophotometer.

Application of conductometric titration:

Conductometric titration is an analytical technique in which the reaction mixture's electrolytic conductivity is continually calculated. Similar to potentiometry, and spectrophotometry, conductometry titrations also do not require an indicator. 

It is performed to determine the electrical conductivity of the sample solution, in the reaction process there is no need indicator. In this titration, a conductivity meter is used to determine the conductance.

Commonly asked questions on titration are as follows.

What is the importance of titration?
Titration is important in pharmaceutical analysis, especially in chemistry, as it allows for the precise determination of solute concentrations.

What are the examples of indicators used in different titrations?
Phenolphthalein, methyl red, methyl orange, methyl violet, methyl yellow, bromothymol blue, litmus, eriochrome black T, sodium diphenylamine, starch indicator, thymol blue, crystal violet, and p-nitrophenol, are some of the indicators used in different titration methods according to the

Which instruments are used for titration?
Nowadays the different types of instruments, such as Automatic titrator, pH meter, Conductivity meter, Karl Fischer titrator, Potentiometric titrator, Thermometric titrator, Isothermal titration, Aalorimeter and an Amperometry, etc. are being used in several industries to precisely execute titration.




People also ask

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Importance of titration
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Wednesday, July 21, 2021

Advantages and disadvantages of acid-base titration

An acid-base titration is a quantitative chemical analysis method for estimating the concentration of an acid or base. It has several advantages and some disadvantages, let’s check them.

Titration is a quantitative laboratories technique used for the determination of analyte concentration. In which the titrant is added from a burette until the reaction is over, and an indicator is commonly used to signal the reaction's endpoint or equivalence point. Acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complexometric titration are types of titrations that are used for different types of solutes.

An acid-base titration is a method to estimate the unknown concentration of acid or base of sample solution by neutralizing it with a known concentration of acid or base. The three theories use for titration are the Arrhenius concept of acid and base, Bronsted-Lowry concept, and Lewis concept. Based on the type of reaction involved acid-base titration is classified into four types strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, strong acid-weak base, and weak acid-weak base. Some examples of indicators used in titrations are phenolphthalein, methyl red, methyl orange, methyl yellow, malachite green, phenol red, and thymol blue indicator, etc.

Advantages of acid-base titration:

  • The major advantage of acid-base titration is that it does not require special or expensive chemicals. It just requires regular chemicals such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (CH2O2), ammonia and methylamine, etc.
  • It does not require sophisticated instruments; it just needs a burette with its stand conical flask, beaker, pipette, funnel, wash bottle, and spatula.
  • The methods of acid-base titrations are generally robust.
  • It is a cost-effective method compared to other methods.
  • Does not require high expertise, has a simple operating procedure.
  • The analysis can be automated, and the results can be very accurate and precise.
  • It does not take much time, the result is available rapidly.
  • Different types of titrations are available for different types of samples (analytes).

Disadvantages of acid-base titration:

  • The major disadvantage of acid-base titration is that the acids and bases are defined only as aqueous solutions and not as substances.
  • The theory cannot explain basic compounds that do not contain the hydroxide ion.
  • Different types of titrations can only be employed within a specific pH range, not for the entire pH range.
  • It is a destructive process that frequently consumes large amounts of the chemicals being analyzed.
  • The major disadvantage of titration is that it requires reaction to take place in a liquid phase; it is not suitable for solids or solutes which have solubility issues.
  • Similar to other titration methods, this also results in a large amount of chemical waste that must be disposed of.
  • It has limited accuracy and precise repeatability depends on the user since determining the same endpoint may be difficult.
  • Since this is an open system, temperature, moisture (humidity) and some environmental factors can affect the results.
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