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Monday, February 25, 2019

Applications of IR Spectroscopy in Pharmaceutical Analysis

Infrared spectroscopy is a significant technique in organic chemistry. It is a simple method to identify the functional groups or the structure of the analytes.

Applications of IR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical analysis:

  • Identification of a functional group and structure elucidation:
The range of the group frequency is 4000-1500 cm-1 whereas the fingerprint area is 1500-400 cm-1. By using the fingerprint area in IR spectroscopy an organic compound can be identified. Each functional group absorbs a certain frequency of the radiation and shows the peaks. Hence, the position of peaks provides information regarding the functional group’s presence in the sample components or analytes.
  • Studying the progress of the reaction:
Advancement of the chemical reaction can be studied by looking at the small segment of the reaction mixture from time to time.
  • Identification of the structure of substances:
Infrared spectroscopy is applied to find the structure of the unknown sample compound. From the peak numbers or wave numbers provided by IR, the entire structure of the molecule can be predicted.
  • Quantitative analysis:
By measuring the intensity of each analyte, Quantitative analysis of an organic mixture can be done.
  • Detection of impurities:
Infrared spectroscopy is likewise valuable in the detection of the impurity in a compound by contrasting its spectrum and the spectrum of the standard sample of the compound.

Different applications of IR spectroscopy:

  • Environmental analysis:
In order to overcome health and environmental concerns, FTIR spectroscopy is an important technique for analyzing the quality of water, air, and pollution levels.
  • Food analysis:
Infrared fitted total reflection (ATR system) is used by the manufacturer of food products for the food analysis. This examination is necessities for compliance with food labeling requirements and maintains its quality.
  • Uses for various manufacturing products:
IR spectroscopy technology is used for product development, and quality control of the paint, coatings, plastic, resins, rubbers, fillers, and adhesive manufacturer.
  • Forensics applications:
These techniques can give rapid, simple and reliable analysis, hence it used by the forensic department for the evidence and identification of the substance.

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Friday, February 22, 2019

Difference between Spectroscopy and Spectrometry

Spectrometry:
The main forms of spectrometry are the mass spectrometry, Ion-mobility spectrometry, neutron triple-axis spectrometry, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. These types of the spectrum do not mean intensity against frequency. In spectrometry, the instruments are used called spectrometers. The function of all kinds of instruments relies on the type of spectrometry employ in the device. Spectrophotometry is the quantitative measure of the transmission or reflection properties of every substance in the form of wavelength. The spectrometry refers to the technique, use, and how spectroscopy is measured; the techniques include mass spectrometry where there is energy but not light.
Spectroscopy:
Spectroscopy and spectrometry are related words in analytical chemistry. Spectroscopy is the learning about interactions amongst substance and radiated energy. It can be understood as the science of the radiation and substance interaction study. To know spectroscopy, should know the spectrum. The visible light is a type of electromagnetic wave. Types of electromagnetic waves, i.e. ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves this energy of waves relies on the frequency. The amount of energy is high of high-frequency waves, whereas low-frequency waves have less energy. Light waves generated the energy recognized as photons. The energy of a photon is fixed for a monochromatic ray. The electromagnetic spectrum is the plot of frequency against the intensity of the photon. While a beam of the entire range of waves goes through a sample of gas or liquid, then in these materials the bond or the electron beam absorbs some photons. This is because of the quantum mechanical effect that just some energy-containing photons are absorbed.
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Difference between Chromatography and Spectroscopy

Chromatography:
Chromatography is one of the significant tools in analytical chemistry. It includes physical separation of substances in a complex mixture of the diverse velocities at which they move through a stationary phase. As different molecules pass through dissimilar rates in the sample by the mobile phase or the medium, they are separated into a series of bands.
Spectroscopy:
Heating a chemical substance or compound in an electric flame or arc is usually involved in the spectroscopic analysis. Heated compounds have particular wavelengths of light that are based on elements. A spectrophotometer is parallel to the spectrograph, apart from that it recognizes the chemicals by passing it to a light beam through a substance without by burning it. The ultraviolet (UV) or Infrared (IR) is the types of spectrophotometers which are analyzed for particular wavelengths.
The key difference between Chromatography and Spectroscopy is that the chromatography is a technique used to separate complex mixtures, depends on their dissimilar distribution amongst the mobile phase and stationary phase by using different methods. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction amongst the electromagnetic radiation and substance, using which can analyze the molecule structure.

 
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Difference between IR and FTIR

The major difference between the IR and FTIR is that IR uses a monochromatic system, whereas the FTIR uses a Michelson interferometer. Instead of shining a monochromatic light beam into the sample, this system shines a beam from several frequencies of light at once and determines how much of that beam is absorbed by the sample.

IR stands for Infrared spectroscopy and FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy is spectroscopy, which is related to the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is light with a long wavelength and low frequency compared to visible light. It covers many techniques, which are based mostly on absorption spectroscopy. Like all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study of analytes or components.
Difference between IR and FTIR

IR spectroscopy is a significant technique in organic chemistry. This is a simple technique to identify the presence of functional groups in a molecule. In addition, to verify the identity of a pure compound or specific impurities, the absorption can utilize the unique collection of the band.
IR spectroscopy gets absorption of a monochromatic IR light at a time and draws the spectrum, whereas, in FTIR, Multi-chromatic takes a summarized absorption of light and distributes it to create a spectrum using FTIR. This is a faster and more effective technique.
Here are some points of difference between IR and FTIR.
  • IR takes a single spectrum.
  • FTIR employs an interferometer and takes a number of scans.
  • IR used monochromatic light whereas FTIR used polychromatic light.
  • FTIR scans up to 50 times in a minute and giving better resolution.
  • In FTIR, all analytes can be identified with a single measurement and the interferences are resolved.
  • FTIR is a fast technique than IR.
  • Sample preparation in the traditional IR is time-consuming, while nowadays in FTIR uses Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), Therefore, there is no need to prepare the sample.
The FT-IR spectrometers are more modern, it has many applications and performance advantages over dispersive instrument. The major advantages of upgrading from existing infrared instrument to FT-IR include rapid analysis, high quality spectrum, reproducibility, ease of use and low maintenance.



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Wednesday, February 20, 2019

Difference between TLC and Column Chromatography

In chromatography, separating the complex mixture of different compounds into individual components is a significant tool. Sometimes a reaction can produce a degradants product other than the desired product, or after analyzing reaction products, a component of the mixture can require being separated after the reaction is completed. Of all the methods to separate, thin layer chromatography and column chromatography is some of the most useful.

Thin-layer chromatography is normally utilized for separating the number of mixes in a sample just as their relative polarities rather than physically separating them, which can be practiced with column chromatography. Both methods are utilized to separate the analytes that are generally non-volatile.

In both of these chromatography, the separation principle is adsorption. The different types of column chromatography and TLC are used in chemistry very significantly, and they are also known for their wide applications.

Difference between TLC and column chromatography:

  • TLC has a stationary phase of alumina or silica gel.
  • Column chromatography is packed uses its stationary phase with an appropriate matrix material, such as silica.
  • TLC is carried out against gravity.
  • Column chromatography is run under gravity.
  • TLC uses for analytical purposes.
  • Column chromatography uses for the preparative purpose.
  • TLC required less time to separate than the column chromatography.
  • Column chromatography takes more time to separate than the TLC.
  • TLC needs less quantity of solvent to separate the analytes.
  • Column chromatography required more amount of solvent.
  • TLC needs a more polar solvent compared to the column chromatography.
  • Column chromatography needs less polar solvent compared to the TLC.
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Saturday, February 16, 2019

Difference between UV and IR Spectroscopy

The major difference between the UV and IR spectroscopy is that the UV spectroscopy is used to obtain the absorption spectra of a substance whereas the IR spectroscopy used to obtain functional groups present in a molecule.

Spectroscopy is an important chemistry technique and essentially tests the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. Both ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopies are different forms of electromagnetic radiation, self-propagation waves that alternately formed with magnetic and electric fields. Although this basic similarity, there are several significant differences too.
The major differences are different from their wavelengths and frequencies. UV rays have a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than infrared. The wavelength of the IR is about 1 mm and 750 nm, although the ultraviolet wavelength is about 400 nm and 10 nm.
UV Spectroscopy: It has a shorter wavelength as compared to the visible light, higher energy, and frequency. It could break several organic bonds and cause skin cancer. (Changes in the level of electronic energy within the molecule).
IR Spectroscopy: It has a longer wavelength as compared to the visible light, thus low frequency and less energy per photon (Rotational and vibration movements of the molecule changes). 


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Difference between HPLC and GC

High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography both are the separation techniques that are versatile, well-adapted, and have contributed to the growing scope of applications.
Here are mentioned some differences between the GC and HPLC.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC):
  • In the HPLC system, the mobile phase is used as a liquid, such as methanol, water, and acetonitrile, etc.
  • HPLC uses UV, photodiode array detectors, RI, laser and conductivity detectors which are non-destructive.
  • Separations of analytes in HPLC generally carried out on the compounds that are higher molecular weights.
  • The liquid is used as a carrier, which is usually high viscosity, which increases the pressure in the HPLC system, hence the HPLC column is shorter and wider in diameter.
  • The retention time of the sample in the HPLC column depends on the difference of molecular size or polarity
  • HPLC analysis is generally done at ambient temperature.
Gas chromatography (GC):
  • Gas chromatography uses gas as a carrier, such as nitrogen, and helium.
  • GC uses a Flame ionization detector, FPD and NPD, which are destructive, Mass spectrometry (MS) detectors are a common detector for the liquid and gas chromatography.
  • Separations of analytes in GC generally carried out on the compound that’s few hundred molecular weights.
  • Gas chromatography uses gas as a carrier or mobile phase. It has less viscosity than HPLC mobile phase, therefore, the GC column which is long and narrow.
  • The retention time of the sample in the GC column relies on the difference in the volatility of analytes.
  • Gas chromatography analysis carried out at high temperatures.
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Friday, February 15, 2019

Difference between HPLC and HPTLC

Both HPLC and HPTLC are the separation techniques of chromatography operating on the same principles of separation.
HPLC: HPLC is known as high-pressure liquid chromatography and also known as High-performance liquid chromatography, it is an analytical technique in chemistry that is used to separate, determine, and identify each component in the complex mixture. It depends on a pressurized mobile phase provided by the pumps in which the sample mixture is included and it passes through the HPLC column. Every analyte in the complex mixture interacts with the absorbing material in a different way, which has dissimilar flow rates for the different analyte and leads to the separation of the analyte or components.
HPTLC: High-performance thin-layer chromatography is the advanced form of TLC and contains the use of chromatographic layers of cutting-edge separation efficiency for all stages of the process and the use of state-of-the-art instrumentation, reproducible chromatogram, accurate sample application, and software-based evaluation. HPTLC is a complete concept in which a broad, standardized method depends on scientific facts and for the quantitative and qualitative analysis uses of validated methods.
The main difference between HPLC and HPTLC is that HPLC permits quantitative separation of analytes in a sample of a complex mixture, whereas HPTLC does not allow.
Here are mentioned some differences between the HPLC and HPTLC.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC):
  • HPLC is known as high- performance liquid chromatography.
  • It permits quantitative separation of analytes in a sample.
  • In the HPLC system, for separation, a column is used which is filled with the stationary phase and mobile phase passes through it.
  • Analytes can be separated as per their interaction with the column and based on differences in their polarity.
High-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC):
  • HPTLC is known as High-performance thin-layer chromatography.
  • It also permit quantitative separation of analytes in a sample.
  • The complex mixture sample spots on the plate of TLC and is located in a chamber which has mobile phase, after that the sample is permitted to move the plate upwards with the mobile phase.
  • Components can be traveled as per their polarity.


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Difference between TLC and HPTLC

TLC and HPTLC are separation techniques of chromatography used to separate the non-volatile analytes or components in the sample mixture. HPTLC process phase is similar to the traditional TLC separation technique. The characteristic of the separation plate is the primary distinction between the TLC and HPTLC. The HPTLC plates depend on enhanced silica with a considerably smaller size particle used for traditional thin layer chromatography. The smaller particle size of silica in HPTLC increases the sensitivity of detection and speed of analysis, and it also permits a smooth surface and a high packing density.
HPTLC is a high-tech version of traditional TLC. Generally, after spotting of samples on the plate for the separation the TLC plates are immersed in a jar. HPTLC usually mechanize this process which permits very accurate sample applications and detection.
Here are some points of difference between TLC and HPTLC.
TLC:
  • The full form of TLC is thin layer chromatography.
  • This is a time-consuming method.
  • It has manual spotting of the sample lead to error.
  • This is a basic technique of separation of non-volatile analyte or components in the complex mixture.
  • While the sample has equivalent properties, the TLC method gives a bad resolution.
  • The TLC plate can be prepared by the glass, plastic, or paper it's applied with an absorbent material which contains large particles.
HPTLC:
  • The full form of HPTLC is high-performance thin layer chromatography.
  • This is a time-saving method.
  • It is Autosampler, the accuracy is high.
  • This is an advanced form of thin layer chromatography that can automate the analysis of the sample.
  • HPTLC method gives high resolution as compared to TLC.
  • There are very small particles of adsorbent material used in HPTLC plates.

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Wednesday, February 13, 2019

Extensive Property Examples

Conversely, to the intensive properties, extensive properties are a property which relies on the number of substances or matters present. The value of extensive property differs directly with the mass, in this way, if an amount of substance in a certain state is divided into equal two parts, in each part, the value of the intensive property as the unique and the extensive property will be half the value.
Here are some examples of extensive properties:
  • Amount of substance
  • Energy
  • Entropy
  • Gibbs energy
  • Heat capacity
  • Helmholtz energy
  • Internal energy
  • Length
  • Mass
  • Size
  • Total momentum
  • Volume
  • Weight

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Intensive Property Examples

It is a bulk property which means that they do not rely on the amount of matter or substances present. Intensive properties can be applied to help identify a sample, since these features do not depend on the sample amount, nor vary according to the conditions.
Here are some examples of intensive properties: 
  • Boiling point 
  • Chemical Potential 
  • Color 
  • Concentration 
  • Density 
  • Ductility 
  • Hardness 
  • Luster 
  • Magnetic Permeability 
  • Malleability 
  • Melting Point 
  • Molality 
  • Odor 
  • Pressure 
  • Refractive Index 
  • Specific Conductance 
  • Specific Heat Capacity 
  • Specific Internal Energy 
  • Specific Rotation 
  • Specific Volume 
  • Standard Reduction Potential 
  • State of Matter 
  • Surface Tension 
  • Temperature 
  • Thermal Conductivity 
  • Viscosity, Etc. 


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Difference between intensive and extensive properties

Intensive and extensive properties are two general classes of physical properties; an intensive property is independent of the amount of mass. The value of extensive property varies with the mass directly. Thus, if the amount of the matter is divided into two equivalent fractions in a given state, then in each fraction the intensive property will have equal value. In contrast, the extensive property depends upon the quantity of the system. Density, specific volume, pressure, and temperature are some examples of intensive properties. Total volume, size, and mass are examples of extensive properties.

Intensive property
Extensive property
The Intensive property does not depend on the amount of matter
Extensive property depends on the amount of matter
It can be identified easily
It cannot identify easily
Intensive property cannot be calculated
Extensive property can be calculated
Size does not change
Size changes
This is  independent of the size
This relies on the size
Examples of Intensive property:
Color, melting point, odor, ductility, boiling point, freezing point, temperature, conductivity, pressure, density
Examples of Extensive property:
Total Mass, weight, total volume, length total momentum etc.

 

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